Ironclads Of The Civil War :: essays research papers

IRONCLADS OF THE CIVIL WARThe book I read is called IRONCLADS OF THE CIVIL WAR. When you think of the Civil War you think of on land battles, that there were also many battles in the water. The Civil War introduced the Ironclads, which are huge ships made of iron with no sails and very destructive.The first built and launched sheathed was in 1855 and it was named the Merrimac. Europe just starting building ironclads and sent her to Norfolk. The Merrimac was still there when Virginia seceded from the Union in April of 1861. The Union then sank the Merrimac and set her afire unless the hull of the shop and the engines settled in the bottom of the river. The Confederates found it and raised the parts out. It took 1,500 manpower to work on the Merrimac. It was a very slow routine because there was not many supplies or tools. The Merrimac needed needed on thousand tons of iron. It was difficult to get some because there was very a few(prenominal) iron manufacturers anywhere in the South and there was just one able to supply enough. The Merrimac got a small share of iron and then went to work. It took oer a year to get this ship finished. The captain was Franklin Buchnan and he had 300 men for a crew.Most of the men were soldiers recently assigned out of gun for hire regiments. And there were very few sailors in the South, so most were clueless on where to go or what to do. When everything was done and she began to move it looked like the Merrimac was capable of doing what she was meant to do.The Northerners were warned slightly this ironclad monster and were waiting for this moment a long time. When the Merrimac came into view she fought the Cumberland and ended up destroying it. The shell burst into the rail and knocked down nine men of the Cumberland. In the end the Merrimac destroyed the Cumberland. But no ship in the navy ever fought as hard or as brave as the Cumberland did. Once the word got around about the ironclad everyone started to make them. Fra nce built the Gloire and England built the Warrior. By the Civil War was a year old the navies were existence complemented with ironclad. And the Union knew that they had to have an ironclad to ever beat the South Merrimac Captain John Ericisson

Is Mass Media Harming our Society? Essay -- Media Dangers, Internet, TV

In todays society, mass media, including television, radio, and newspaper or magazines have become very dependable sources to so many an(prenominal) people. People spend many hours everyday reading about celebrities in the tabloids, watching biased news channels, or participating in violent video games. Even though well-nigh media is highly entertaining, people have become so reliant on media that we seem to be harming our community in a very negative fashion. trade media works as a socializing factor and affects the way we view the world and how we interact with other people. However, the messages that argon seen in most of the magazines these days are negative images, especially for the youth of the world. For example, on the front page of popular magazines such as Teen and Cosmopolitan, are celebrities whom are extremely thin and brave out from eating disorders or celebrities who are abusing drugs and alcohol and getting away with it. Both of these situations are extremely popu lar topics, especially in high school and college, and in that location is no reason we should be advertising it on the front page of tablo...

The Triangular Silas Marner Essay -- Silas Marner Essays

The Triangular Silas Marner As a result of betrayal, Silas Marner of George Eliots so titled novel becomes a man in body without incurring each of the duties normally associated with nineteenth century working class adults. Eliot creates these unusual circumstances by framing our title-hero so it appears to his comrades that he has stolen money. Thereby, she effectively rejects innocent Marner from his community and causes him to flake out his fianc. At this pivotal moment in Marners life, just as he is about to assume fully the role of a man, depended upon as such by his neighbors, future wife and probable children, he is excised and does not successfully complete the transformation. Accordingly, he moves on to a new place, Raveloe, with the same carefree lack of accountability as a boy, who is clearly unable to act like the man he seems he should be. By denying Marner the possibility of a traditional family from the start, Eliot immediately brings precedent the question of family values. A question that she answers in the course of her novel. Jeff Nunokawa, in his essay The Misers Two Bodies Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity, claims that Eliot simply shows support for family values (Nunokawa 273), and that she encourages them through her narrative (Nunokawa 290). As evidence, he cites quotations from the text that paint, as he puts it, men living without women... in a barren region (Nunokawa 273). Adeptly, he points to Eliots line, The maiden was lost... and then what was left to them? (Nunokawa 273). Furthermore, Nunokawa goes on to mark the moral implications of the novel as those of a blunt dichotomy, saying that Eliot hands her reader the ... ... for it is the middle ground between its own two opposites, which include the possibilities of not having a family at all and going with the one you are biologically given. Silas Marner is not a tale of black and white, right and wrong, it is more complex and aims to impersonate at least three angles -- if not more that I have, as of yet, failed to unravel. Bibliography Carroll, David, Reversing the Oracles of Religion, Casebook Series on George Eliot, Ed. R. P. Draper. London Macmillan Press Ltd, 1977. Cave, Terence, Introduction to Oxford World Classics Silas Marner (see avocation entry for details.) Eliot, George. Silas Marner. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996. Nunokawa, Jeff, The Misers Two Bodies Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity, Victorian Studies, 1993, Spring, v. 36. pp. 273-390.

Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land :: Literature Christianity Religion Essays

Making a Movie on Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land To nominate a picture show from any source takes a lot of people in the process. Its not just one or two people seated down saying lets make a movie. There are things to be considered, things to be done and people to contact. In this essay, I plan to make a movie of Haydn Middletons novel The Lie of the Land, just to give a glimpse of the complications involved with making a movie.The first step in any movie would have to be a script. No script, no movie. Its just that simple. A small group (or one individual) would have to sit down and write a script from this novel. Of course he (they) would have to decide what to focus on from the book, or what they (he) wants to dramatize, and if there is something that they (he) can put in the script himself that wasnt really there to begin with. For example, if the screenwriter(s) wanted to make this a romance story between the characters David and Quinn, then they would emphasize that dramatically. They might add some sexuality into said relationship, and level(p) go so far as to have Quinn come back to David at the end of the movie. The key words that you would see on the screen would be adapted from, meaning that the movie was based on this novel, but the screenwriter(s) wrote the movie from their interpretation. Of course, some things have to be in the script, such as Davids story, but how cogitate it is depends, like I stated, on the screenwriter(s).Now that we have a script, and well cut out the process of submitting it to movie studios, the next step would be pre-production. For this purpose, well use a fictional studio and call it L 0 L studios. This studio, after accepting the script, would hire a producer. Lets use a name here, like Richard Donner. His trick is to hire a director, audition a cast, find a location to film, or decide if it can be done on a tidy stage (possibly both), and try to keep it all under budget. Our director would be James Came ron, because with his success recently, his name alone would bring people to see this movie, which is the self-colored goal of the project. Casting is difficult, because certain factors have to be looked at, such as looks, (do they look the part?

CA.S.T.ing a Light on Talent :: Drama Journalism Acting Essays

CA.S.T.ing a Light on TalentAs break away auditions got under way in Hillsboro, NH, the leador asked Chelsy Starkweather,13, the first and youngest of the nights auditions, to repeat her monologue, twice. At first, she hid behind a baseball cap and sat on a chair, something most play bespeakors would forbid. But Justin Scarelli, 22, who founded Community Arts as a Stage for Teens (C.A.S.T.), knew how to draw out Starkweathers confidence. She repeated her monologue, standing and iodin last time without her baseball cap. afterward her very last line on her third performance, Scarelli and Chelsys peers broke out in applause. The smile on Starkweathers face proved that, at C.A.S.T., something special is happening. This is a great way to let kids pick up a chance to act and learn to direct because school drama programs can be limiting, Tom Ellsworth, 17, the student Chair of C.A.S.T. said.That something special was what Scarelli had in mind in the summer of 2004 after he helped dire ct a documentary about media literacy for Project Genesis, a nonprofit teen center and in Hillsboro. After spending the summer with the teens, he saw their creative thinking grow he also noted that their desire to learn more about directing and the arts grew as the weeks went on. By the time the documentary was finished, Scarelli communicate with Deborah Whitaker-Duncklee, a youth counselor who runs Project Genesis, about the possibility of extending the summer media project throughout the year. During the summer everyone got to see creativity as something tangible, Scarelli said. We wanted to give what we were doing into school drama programs.Scarelli and Whitaker-Duncklee found that schools were not receptive to their ideas, so they decided to start a program through Project Genesis. The only problem was money. After speaking with Peter Brigham, the director of youth services in Hillsboro, Scarelli put together a proposal for his program and began to search for funding. I didnt have any creative guidance so I wanted to be able to give that to the kids, Scarelli said. But its very hard to get financial support.As of December 4, 2004, Brighams budget for youth services in 2005 is $60,000 with counseling services, or $40,000 without. That money is distributed throughout Hillsboro and nearby Deering, NH, for all youth-oriented programs and is used up sooner quickly. While the budget does not assign a specific amount of money to each service provided, this budget ultimately needs outside assistance.

CA.S.T.ing a Light on Talent :: Drama Journalism Acting Essays

CA.S.T.ing a Light on TalentAs play auditions got under(a) way in Hillsboro, NH, the director asked Chelsy Starkweather,13, the first and youngest of the nights auditions, to repeat her monologue, twice. At first, she hid behind a baseball cap and sat on a chair, something most play directors would forbid. But Justin Scarelli, 22, who founded Community Arts as a Stage for Teens (C.A.S.T.), knew how to draw out Starkweathers confidence. She repeated her monologue, standing and one destination time without her baseball cap. After her very last line on her third performance, Scarelli and Chelsys peers broke out in applause. The smile on Starkweathers face proved that, at C.A.S.T., something special is happening. This is a great way to let kids have a chance to act and learn to direct because tutor drama programs can be limiting, Tom Ellsworth, 17, the student Chair of C.A.S.T. said.That something special was what Scarelli had in mind in the summer of 2004 after he helped direct a doc umentary about media literacy for Project Genesis, a nonprofit teen center and in Hillsboro. After spending the summer with the teens, he saw their creativity sire he also noted that their desire to learn more about directing and the arts grew as the weeks went on. By the time the documentary was finished, Scarelli spoke with Deborah Whitaker-Duncklee, a youth counselor who runs Project Genesis, about the possibility of extending the summer media project throughout the year. During the summer everyone got to see creativity as something tangible, Scarelli said. We wanted to bring what we were doing into teach drama programs.Scarelli and Whitaker-Duncklee found that schools were not receptive to their ideas, so they decided to start a program through Project Genesis. The only problem was money. After verbalise with Peter Brigham, the director of youth services in Hillsboro, Scarelli put together a proposal for his program and began to search for funding. I didnt have each creative guidance so I wanted to be able to give that to the kids, Scarelli said. But its very hard to get financial support.As of celestial latitude 4, 2004, Brighams budget for youth services in 2005 is $60,000 with counseling services, or $40,000 without. That money is distributed throughout Hillsboro and nearby Deering, NH, for all youth-oriented programs and is used up rather quickly. man the budget does not assign a specific amount of money to each service provided, this budget ultimately needs outside assistance.

Coca Cola and Innocent: an Innocent Partnership?

This paper, alma to discuss and discover what brought Peeps- Co fundamental law Interest upon a company that In appearance Is at their antipode. Coca-Cola and Innocent what pertain? It is public knowledge that the beverage giant Pepsi- co had their shares of scandals and marketing mishaps as already discussed during our week 2 assignment. A market segment whew re the organization is lacking presence and weight is the healthy segment and the image of Innocence is absent from the corporation brand.The Innocent company Brand image Is strong, co mar to competitor In salary market segments, due to the name strength which Implies In m y opinion, strong ethics, transparency and stakeholders respect. Coca cola, In unending competition with Pepsi- co. Tries to gain market advantage, further eroded after the Pepsi agreement to distribute Tamping Plus fruit- flavored beverage (Beverage Industry, 2010).The acquisition of Interests in a Company much(prenominal) as Innocent (The Guardian, 200 & Beverage Industry, 2010) could prove an interesting market entry for the soft drinks giant as we shall not forget Coca- Cola failed go about to enter the European healthy drinks market. Since then the company has tried to Improve its UK Image.

College Answers Essay

Hi everyone Good morning and welcome to all who have gathered here todayIll try my best to avoid the soda pop Kehte speeches of koi engineer ka kaam karega, business mein koi apna naam karegaIts kind of funny that we have got to bid farewell to this college today only to come back in a a couple of(prenominal) eld to give our vivas and 8th sem exams. But then I guess we have to make do with what we have, and Im happy that I got a discover to speak to all my friends from college on this occasionI think that a farewell speech is probably the ONLY speech where students actually listen to the vocaliser (well I am hoping at least that is the case right now)Now that I have your undivided attention, let me share a few experiences I had during the past 4 years of my life in K.J Somaiya engine room.It was a scary feeling when all of us got in this college through the admission rounds at VJTI. When I came out of the inner hall with the confirmation slip in my hand I hardly knew anything a bout the college. It was chosen only for its proximity to my place. And what a decision it was in return for an engineering seat in an unknown college I got back innumerable friends and loads of good times.First social class Engineering must be THE most memorable year for any of the students out here. I think all of us would agree that the Symphony during our First Year when Parikrama had been here was the best one we had. The best part about FE was that the college management had not divided the students according to branches. This gave us a chance to move with people from all the branches for one whole year. This helped a lot by keeping us acquainted, even when we were separated from the second year onwards. I deal remember it clearly FE classes in the old workshop building with temperatures

Case Analysis Ford Motor Company Essay

Introduction fording Motor Company is one of the largest multinational cable carmaker in the macrocosm and part of the Detroit Big Three, along with GM and Chrysler. Since its inception in June 16, 1903, ford has gone through many ups and downs. Competition from domestic and international manufacturers, globalization, advancements of applied science and the ample scotch downturn in 2007-2008 meant that track had to rethink several of its strategic decisions if it had to survive in the merchandiseplace. When Henry Ford started the company, gondolas were a luxury good that could sole(prenominal) be afforded by the rich. He wanted to provide these vehicles to the general public at an affordable price, because Ford believed that this increase had the potential to transform society. As such(prenominal), he focused on labor and supply chain efficiency related to the implementation of the assembly line manufacturing process and Fords vertically unified supply chain to produce a utomobiles at a mass scale. The US auto marketplace was primarily dominated by the US Big Three, nevertheless this changed during the archaean 70s and 80s.The increase in gas prices and need for fuel efficient vehicles saw consumers seeking out for Japanese imports, which met the crude fuel efficiency standards. The market already was beginning to get competitive. In order to act, Ford tried to cut it costs by downsizing its workers and plants, whereas the need was fuel efficient cars. Ford later regained some of its market in 1988 by diversifying its product offerings by purchasing luxury European brands. It tapped the Chinese market as well thrashing GM in 1997. Ford had to cut many of its workforces and sell many of its plants during these periods in order to keep costs at a minimum level. The stinting downturn of 2007-2008 saw the automobile manufacturers taking a big hit. They were reduced to a position where they needed to ask the US government for a $34 billion bailout. Many uncertainties remained as to what had to be done to sustain in the future.The biggest strategic change came with the decision to hire Alan Mulally in 2006. Mulally made many sound and important changes to Fords corporate structure, such as, the ONE Ford plan to create a leaner, more efficient global enterprise and succumb the company to profitability. Under his guidance, Ford had to restructure its entire course as it was the merely way to survive in the highly competitive market. Every stones throw taken by Ford has been risky, but they bear yielded result. Ford has overcome challenges of bowed down(p) competition, economic depression and threat of bankruptcy. It is a prime example of how particular(a) leadership and strategic skills can help overcome hardships de bitterness turbulent condemnations.Situation analysis3I AnalysisImmediate CompetitorsFord Motor Company is run as one of the leading competitors in the US Automobile Market with 18.4 % of the total market sha re. The two major competitors of Ford are Chrysler Group LLC and habitual Motors (GM) with market shares of 11.4% and 20.4% respectively. These leading players of the US Automobile market, together, are known as The Detroit Three and are operating as the key local competitors of the US market. Among the other major global competitors of Ford, Toyota and Honda are competing with market shares of 10.5% and 8% respectively.Impending CompetitorsComparatively smaller players of the US Automobile market may pose a threat to Ford Motor Company in near future. Competitors such as Kia (4.3%), Hyundai (5.6%), and Nissan (6.8%) are also trying to firmly hold their position in the automobile market. Mazda, BMW, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Volvo, and Suzuki are also operating as impending competitors of Ford within the automobile market, contributing to 26.3% of the remaining market shares. These competitors can potentially extend their communication channel trading operations in future a nd change their strategies that may directly or indirectly affect the operations of Ford Motor Company.Invisible CompetitorsIn spite of potential risk factors, the automobile industry of US is a lucrative industry to compete in. Hence, China and India are expected to expand their automobile business to US very soon. China has already displayed automobiles of Brilliance, Geely, Great Wall, and BYD at the US Auto Shows. BYD specializing on fuel efficient cars may pose a major threat to Ford Motor Company in future. The European market can also become apotential threat by open up new and sustainable automobiles in the US market and may succeed due to advanced innovation and sustainable manufacturing processes.General analysisEconomic natural gas prices quadrupled during the 70s and 80s when the Middle Eastern OPEC nations halted exports to the US and other European nations. The global economic downturn of 2008 saw the US auto sales declining by 37% compared to the proceed year. Ford, GM and Chrysler had to go to Washington DC to ask the government for $34 billion bailout. In 2011, the earthquake in Japan disrupted production and come up gas prices affected consumer demand.Political/LegalNew vehicle sales in 2009 received support from the federal government when US president Barack Obama gestural the Cash for Clunkers bill into law in June. Rules and regulations on vehicle mileage and emission standards are established by the federal government. After talks with the automakers, the Obama regime eased the requirements to 54.5 mpg, with a 3.5 percent per year increase in fuel efficiency for cast down trucks through 2021, but kept the requirement for passenger cars at 5%.EnvironmentalWhen a massive earthquake and tsunami hit Japan in March 2011, Japanese automakers and parts suppliers experienced major disruptions in their operations and declared that productions would probably not reach normal levels before fall. The change magnitude global focus on sustainabi lity and need to gravel alternate power sources for vehicles, increasing population has led to increase in fuel demand, thus leading to higher gas prices and an increased impact on the environment. Recently the Obama Administration and the auto manufacturers were in negotiations over new standards that could reduce global warming emissions by millions of tons per year and decrease oil imports by billions of barrels during the life of the program. technologicalTodays consumers are technology-savvy than ever before and with the vast amount of information available on the inter crystallize they have access to an almost innumerable amount of information to compare products to determine the vehicles that meet their needs. An alternative to fuel known as biofuel or farm fuel E85 might reduce US dependency on external oil and initiate a domestic industry that supports farmers. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are still in the early stages of development but have the potential to reduce US d ependency on foreign oil significantly and abase emissions that cause climate change. companionableMany of the newer models of cars target the Generation Y buyers, as they are important to automakers because they help set trends, from popularizing mixer media sites to technologies.Industry analysis panic of product substitutes High.In the 70s and 80s, the three large US automobile manufacturers which produced larger, heavier and less fuel efficient vehicles saw decline in sales while sales of Japanese imports, which met the new efficiency standards, increased. Electric/gasoline powered hybrid vehicles are the most widely used alternative powered vehicles today and many companies offer richly electric vehicles as well. As the population increases, roads and highways become more congested. Many urban areas are developing or enhancing public transportation systems such as light rail systems and subways, as well as increasing bus routes and schedules.Intensity of rivalry HighThe US a utomotive industry faces heavy competition not only through domestic companies (Ford, GM and Chrysler), but from foreign competitors as well. In 2006, Ford, GM and Chrysler faced intense competition from foreign manufacturers such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda.Supplier power MediumThe auto industry obtains resources from a wide array of firms globally. Although the number of suppliers has decreased since the recession, some of the survivors are increase and beginning to diversify. Many suppliers relyheavily on the auto industry for a large part of their revenue. Some suppliers even went out of business during the economic downturn and decline of the US auto industry, and more were hurt by the earthquake in Japan in 2011. It is extremely important for auto manufacturers to develop and maintain strong relationships with their suppliers to gain access to their best technologies and receive priority order fulfillment in case of material or product shortages. purchaser power HighTodays te chnology-savvy consumers have access to a vast amount of information to compare products to determine the vehicles to meet their needs. Many level-headed consumers choose to shop and negotiate pricing between dealerships, while others prefer not to negotiate pricing at all. As US manufacturers lost market share to their Asian competitors, they realized the need to revise their business plans to place a much higher priority on customer satisfaction, thus creating customers for life.Threat of new starters HighFactors such as capital requirements, economies of scale, need for distribution channel and threat of retaliation make it unlikely for a new entrant to emerge within the US. However, new entrants can succeed in the US market, as evident by the Asian automakers. Automakers established in foreign markets have been able to gain a foothold by exporting to the US and targeting a niche market. New entrants to the US auto market will last come from China and India among others.Market ing and SalesFord is now focused on building only the two remaining brands Ford and Lincoln. They now offers product mix to meet the demand of people of all classes They reach the customer through traditional media like radio, newspaper, TV commercials and by also using the social sites. They are also sponsoring famous shows and events likeAmerican Idol ServiceAccording to the J.D. Power 2011 Automotive performance, Execution and Layout study all Fords newer vehicles have earned the fuel efficiency rating that were above the segment average The F-50 truck is the only large pickup that received the award for some(prenominal) performance and appeal in 2011Supportive ActivitiesHuman ResourceFord is best in cutting off companys employees to improve production or to face any awkward situation like loss for example In 80s to cover up the loss resulting of not having fuel efficiency facility it cut off its workforce and close plants In August 2001 Ford eliminate 4500 to 5000 of its salari ed employees using early retreat incentives In early 2002 ford closed 3 North American assembly plants for which 35000 worldwide jobs were cutoff In 2006 Ford cut 25000 to 30000 hourly jobs and 12% of management positions. It further cut 10000 white-collar job. In 2012 it closed 14 facilities as part of massive restructuring plantTechnology developmentFord has invested a lot in the development of fuel efficiency and currently they have 12 vehicles with best in class fuel economy. Not only in fuel efficiency they are also improving in initial quality and appeal(performance, execution and layout) Though they are laggards but atlast they managed to develop self-parking and blind spot detection facility. In 2011 they invested in hybrid and plug-in-hybrid and they also introduced turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine They are in the way to introduce intelligence vehicle technology Procurement Ford signed an agreement with Azure Dynamic Corp. to install plug in hybrid power trains in the F seri es overseer duty trucks.Financial analysisMarket Share (in volume)From the above two pie charts, the market winners and losers in 2011 can be interpreted financially with the number of cars and light trucks they sold compared to the market sales as a whole (in volume)Profit over timeThe following data represents Ford Motors net income from year 2001 to 2010During 2001, Ford has been in bad shape financially making a loss of $162412 million. From before that time Ford was having a hard time to come back and had undertaken downsizing strategy from quite a time to lower its cost as per their profit structure. This trend go on in 2001 as well but the entrant of a CEO in July 2001 made a slight change in the strategy though it kept on with the legacy of downsizing, it also discontinued models that were unprofitable. Hence, with this strategy profits were expected but this didnt work out, mainly because of the unstable environment of the terrorist attack in family line 11, 2001. From ye ar 2002 onward till 2005, Ford was making a bit of profit but still heavily relied on downsizing its employees from time to time. but Ford started making some major losses from 2006 onwards and in order to make this work Alan Mulally was appointed as the CEO. Hence, it came in light that Ford needed a complete restructure in order to cut down costs, lower its debts, increase its revenues, and earn higher profits.Hence, downsizing strategy continued as well but this time with the introduction of new products, discontinuing the outdated ones keeping up with changing consumer trends. With some great decisions the company was recovering and hence, get down its net loss by 78% in 2007 compared to 2006 however, once again unfavorable economic conditions in 2008 with global downturn pulled the net loss difficult down which was more than the net loss made in year 2006 which resulted in the use of downsizing once again. With this Ford applied for bailed out funds, which was spurned and w as the cause for their popularity gaining more customers. And hence, with proper planning, and complete restructure of Ford, it earned profits during 2009 and 2010 with effective strategies. As seen in the graph below, Ford has definitely experienced lower sales from 2001 to 2010 but it managed to come back in 2009 and 2010 with providing cars that customer wants which they didnt follow earlier.

Crash Film Critique

Mark Zelayaran English Honors 1A Mrs. Breckheimer. Crash a admit lightederary criticism The burgeon forth Crash produced and directed by Paul Haggis is a compilation of clever vignettes all throughout the get hold of and for most they undergo some metamorphose however, for the change to occur the film shows the benignant side of certain characters. The film is a compilation of lives of various characters in a course of a twenty-four hours in the city of Los Angeles. Although racism, discrimination and prejudice is constantly used all throughout the film, Haggis does this bring the message across that Stretches the boundaries becomes intensely wretchedacknowledges..The rigid be human rage fuels itself and redoubles (Denby). Scott makes the argument that Crash is full of heart and devoid of life however, Denbys occupys that Crash Stretches the boundaries becomes intensely moving and acknowledges.. The intolerant are human rage fuels itself and redoubles are evident all thr oughout the film. The film starts sullen with 2 white guard officers- officeholder John Ryan and Officer Tom Hansen. Haggis has reinforced the character Officer Ryan as an intolerant and angry individual who evolves his rage out on separates.A fine example of Officer Ryans rage refueling itself and redoubling would be when he called his fathers HMO, I keep telling you my father is in pain What does my father do about sleeping this night? I dont know Im not a doctor. I wanna talk to your supervisor. I am my supervisor. Yeah, whats your name? Shaniqua Johnson. Shaniqua, Big have intercourse surprise that is Shortly after, he pulls over an African American couple, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, and proceeds to depend them, knowing that their political machine isnt the one thats been stolen.He proceeds to search the couple especially the wife in a crude manner. Its clear to see in that scene that he has no regard for the hatful whom he holds his anger over against. It is evident that what denby claims that anger fuels itself and redoubles. As Denby goes on to say, The intolerant are also human, taking this in mind, this ideology can apply to Officer Ryan when his previous supervisor said Im anxious to understand how an obvious bigot couldve through the department for s pull downteen years.Eleven of which he was under my personal inspection, it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that officer Ryan experienced a moment of weakness and the need to busy his rage upon others. On the other hand In the case of Officer Hansen, he is portrayed as a young police officer starting out his career in the force and following the lead of his senior officer however, Officer Hansen tries to not become like his fellow officer Ryan. Boundaries are stretched and become intensely moving in the belief that Officer Hansen tries to hold to be true.A fine scene to prove that boundaries are stretched and becomes intensely moving would be in when Officer Hansen permits Cam eron Thayer off with a harsh warning even when Cameron Thayer was held at gun point and making threatening gestures towards the police officers. Haggis gives an insight of how the police department functions therefore, he balances the film by giving the perspective of civilians. The film begins to transition to the black couple that was pulled over, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, were harassed by Officer Ryan.Cameron and Christine are victims of the rage from a police officer. Cameron is generally change by the harassment from Officer Ryan and as Christine would put it When that man was putting his hands on me I cant believe you let him do that, baby I was humiliated for youI just couldnt stand to see that man take away your dignity. Cameron has been deeply affected by her course and begins loathe himself and altercates the police to defend his dignity, and the only way Cameron can do this act is through rage being fueled deep down him and doubling.Cameron is chased by the Los Angeles police department, an act a man of his socioeconomic stature would never dream of doing, and after being cornered Cameron demands Anthony to leave his car and Anthony replies, if youre so brave why dont you leave? . As Cameron steps out the car and faces the police officers he begins to say insults such(prenominal) as Yeah thats what you look like a fucking joke. It is evident in this turn of events that Camerons rage for himself doubles and begins to take it out on others.The boundaries of law and order are stretched are when Officer Hansen lets him go with a harsh warning, and not turning over Anthony to the police when he had an opportunity to. Towards the end when Cameron tells Anthony you embarrass me, you embarrass yourself, Cameron realizes that although Anthony tried to car jack him, Anthony is still human and is living a life that is a mistake. Although Camerons rage for himself doubled and was only fueled by itself, at the end Cameron choose to stretch the bou ndaries and proving that intolerant indeed are human through his actions of let go of Anthony.The film tries to show a somewhat humorous side of the racism, prejudice, and stereotypes that Haggis creates, and its done through Anthony. Anthony blames his position in society due to the pep pill class keeping him there, while Peter simply tries to laugh it off and doesnt see it that way. The issue between these two characters is the issue of anger. Because once again Denby proves that rage fuels itself and redoubles, when Anthony and Peter are walking down the street and see a white couple Rick Cabot and denim Cabot and as soon as Jean notices both Anthony and peter his partner in crime, she grabs her husbands arm.Of course Anthony would notice this and begins to complain, Look around You couldnt find a whiter, safer or better lit part of this city. But this white woman sees two black guys, who look like UCLA students, strolling down the sidewalk and her reaction is blind fear. I mean , look at us Are we dressed like gang-bangers? Huh? No. Do we look threatening? No. Fact, if anybody should be scared around here, its us Were the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the triggerhappy LAPD.So you tell me, why arent we scared? Anthonys claim is justified in his eyeball and begins to use that same hate against society towards the white couple. The rage and contempt Anthony has for society is taken out on this white couple who represent everything Anthony hates and wishes to overcome. Anthony is change with rage because of his position in society and he stretches boundaries because of this. A fine example of Anthony stretch boundaries and being intensely moving would be when Anthony encounters Cameron.Anthony even claimed he would never rob from another black man, but he went back on his word thus stretching his own boundary when he try to rob him. When the Cameron tells Anthony you embarrass me, you embarrass yours elf, in this moving statement Anthony finally takes the bus shortly afterwards once again stretching his own boundaries again, even after claiming he would never take a bus. Haggis puts not only Anthony but other characters through extremes to show the human side of these characters and make them beyond the typecast that some would assume them to be.Haggis puts certain characters through an extreme ordeal and once that character overcomes that ordeal, he or she therefore goes through a transformation. Scott would claim these transformations are full heart and devoid of life however, the transformations certain characters go through is a necessity to show that the characters are real people. Such as the case of Officer Ryan, his transformation or rather his realization occurred when he saved Christine from a car that was about to explode. As Christine screamed Get away from me appease away from me Dont touch meSomebody anybody else, Not you it is clear on Officer Ryans face that h e realizes what he did was on a larger scale than he previously thought. Or even in the case of Anthony after he refused all throughout the film to even take a bus, needless to say, Anthony did end up taking the bus back home after Cameron gave him those intense words. Even in the case of Cameron when he had to challenge the Los Angeles police department to prove himself and attempted to gain back his dignity through means of rage however, it wasnt until after he realized his actions and gave those words to Anthony.All in all, transformations, some more extreme than others, are a necessity in Crash because it shows a human side to the intolerant. All throughout the film it shows characters that are full of emotion and personality however, to claim to be full of heart and devoid of life(Scott) is a shortcoming, at best. The film is compiled in a way that the lives of twelve characters or so are compiled into one daytime of interactions and obstacles. To be full of heart means to be full of tugs at heartstrings or other words dramatic, and to be devoid of life is the characters do not portray real people.Scotts claim is presumptuous because if one were to look at the film closely it jumps around characters. Crash takes place in a period of one day in Los Angeles and it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that prejudice, racism, and discrimination all take place every day. Also, one must also take into consideration that Crash contains characters with real and moving personalities and is intensely moving, and without characters to tie in to the film would not be moving. As Officer Ryan, Anthony, and Cameron all show the trials and tribulations some may face. In reality, what Scott claims to be full of eart and devoid of life is incapacitate because he is making a quick judgment of how the characters face the obstacles and never takes into consideration of how much time has passed. In conclusion, Denbys claims are evident because it shows a human side to the intol erant in the film and also proving that rage only fuels itself and doubles. Haggis uses typecasts to his advantage in proving Denby correct that Crash Stretches the boundaries becomes intensely moving and acknowledges.. The intolerant are human rage fuels itself and redoubles. The characters may fall into typecasts but dont completely succumb to them.As in the case for Officer Ryan, Cameron, and Anthony all go through transformations of extreme means proving that the intolerant are human and rage does fuel itself and doubles. However, this transformation can only be done by stretching boundaries and becoming intensely moving. Scott is disproven because of the fact that all these twelve or so characters are put together through a course of one day therefore, extreme sides of each are seen one or twice a day. All in all, Crash is a film of racism, transformation, prejudice, stretching boundaries, and acknowledging that the intolerant are human.

The First World Problems

America worries about problems that great deal in other countries would never buzz off to dream of or until now get to talk about in their lifetimes. Americas first world problems are things that usu altogethery are taken for granted. For example, the next updated electronic glide path out or out and pair of tennis shoes put out on display at the stores. As Americans know that those items are all good to them, they dont understand how a person from the eastern hemisphere struggling in a sweatshop for low pay deals with try to get through to the day.In Where Sweatshops Are A Dream by Nickolas Kristof from the New York times, he agrees that sweatshops are bad yet proclaims that they are needed. His argument seems to kind of contradict distributively other. He emphasizes by exclaiming that poorer countries that do not arrest sweatshops have it worse because they have no work at all. As if he is trying to prove that some work is better than no work. He supports his argument by ta lking about how countries without the shops forced to plumage through garbage have it worse because they are more prone to injury and disease.Yet, he doesnt inform readers about the situations in the actual sweatshops themselves. He doesnt note that people in sweatshops are treated horribly every day. Sweatshop workers deal with getting lied to about pays, hours, beaten to severe injuries and even death. Kristof implies that having work is better than none and people in shops are better than in the streets. He may think they have things a little easier but it doesnt mean that sweatshops are worth the effort and putting up more will change anything. If anything, it would increase the competiveness market, hence losing more jobs and other out in to the streets.

L’Oréal’s product recommendations Essay

Considering LOrals product portfolio and analyzing the BCG matrix bring outd, we can make a few recommendations to LOral. Firstly, we notice that in that respect are a few categories that are considered, in the BCG matrix, as Dogs, being these areas that have a low congenator trade parcel out and a low growth appreciate. These are the following Normal Antidandruff and Greasy. Dogs are normally considered unattractive, but there are exceptions, when the size of these securities industrys is still a whopping(p) volume of the troupes sales, as we may see in this case.For the Normal market, the company should maintain or increase its investment, as it represents a big slice of their sales (18,44%), and, if they disinvested, there could be a light in sales of this category, thus perhaps losing their position as the second biggest in the market (31%).On the other hand, since the market is decreasing for this category, there would be an amplification of the decrease that is happen ing to LOral. With a raise in investment, there could be an increase in sales, stealing market from their main competitors and becoming the market leader, which would make this market a Cash-cow. This is, assuming that P&G wouldnt respond with a more aggressive strategy, which could make investments irrelevant and even lead to a decrease of sales.If the analysis was that P&G would respond, the best strategy would be to maintain investment and keep the market share, which is close to the leaders (difference of 9%). For Antidandruff, there should be a support of investment, as, even though it represents a relatively last percentage of the companys sales (9,37%), it has a vitiated relative market share (15% compared to 57% of the leader), making its position a very fragile one, undeserving of a great investment. For Greasy, LOral should hold to disinvesting, since it possesses a small relative market share and it also represents only 2,86% of the companys sales, being in a ma rket that is decreasing in size.The company would then proceed to reducing its costs with advertisement and R&D for this category, since it would not bring enough revenues to cover costs and make the company competitive. Secondly, there is a group of categories in LOrals Hair Care portfolio that are in the Problem Child quadrant, which have a small relative market share, but are in a market which has above average growth rates. The categories included in this group are as followsKids and Colour. Problem Child normally are called cash users, as high growth rates require higher investments, but are not fitted to generate substantial cash to cover these. Kids is a category where there is a great dominion of the leading company (Johnsons), and LOrals product is the second most sold product. The difference between them is still quite large (16%) and the market is growing at a dangerous rate, with 10% growth in the period analyzed.The company should increase its investment in thi s category, making use of revenues from other categories, to try and increase its sales and decrease its competitors sales. The company must take advantage of the market growth and be able to make as much of a market share as possible, while there is still free space on which to grow. As of Sleek, we may see that it is one of the categories which has the greatest growth rate (9%), and in which LOral has a strong position, though it is divided in two products (Elvive and Fructis), while competing with P&Gs Pantene.This means that the company needs to invest in strengthening their brand image on one product, in order to be able to create a stronger perceived image for customers. Thirdly, there is a group of categories that are Stars in the BCG matrix. These have high relative market share and their markets present a high market growth. Products in this quadrant are usually cash neutral, being able to provide enough cash to cover their expenses in investment, referable to being lea ders in their markets.The categories that LOral has in this category are Colour ironic & Break Shine and Sun. Dry & Break is a category that deserves an increase in investment, due to it being a market which has high growth, in which the company has a high market share (35%) in comparison with its largest competitor (22%). This investment should be made so that the company is able to maintain its superiority in this category, or even increase it, so that when this market matures, the company has a cash generator (Cash-cow).Being the category with most sales in LOrals portfolio (22,04% of total sales), this should be the greatest priority of the company. Colour has a high market growth (9%) and represents a large percentage of company sales (17,17%), but since its growth is on the border between Cash-cow and Star, there should be a maintenance of the investment. This because the company already has over twice as much market share as its main competitor, having a dominance over this market, thus this market can support itself.// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16) get t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16)) sink t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e

Ethnic Relations Essay

ETHNIC RELATIONS PAPER We dont want you here anymore white principal, (Roberts 2) such misanthropical acts and slanders bewilder been committed against thousands of people, almost every single day, here in the U. S. In fact, there catch been many volatile arguments on the constitutional rights of ethnicity. Paul Craig Roberts sees that fold immigration will endanger Ameri gouge society. On the other side of the story is Professor Lipsitz, who believes that we must(prenominal) overcome racial and ethnic boundaries despite differences.Ethnicity has an commodious and immeasurable influence on mass immigration, racial and ethnic boundaries, but all this must be condoned when it comes down to ethnic relations. Ethnicity has a signifi go offt opposition on mass immigration. wholeness squeeze out make a replica of the joys of traveling and sight-seeing by just walking down neighborhood streets of D. C. Beltway (Roberts 2). Immigration policies have made considerable changes to the makeup of U. S. residents. Around the years of 1965 the democrats changed immigration laws in hopes that the Asian and Hispanic voters would take part in a ballot in favor of the democrats.This ultimately led to a chain reaction. With this new policy winning place, native-born citizens were becoming ethnically cleansed (Roberts 2). Many of us whitethorn popular opinion immigrants as contributors to the diverse melting pot, but the melting pot is out of the question when countless new immigrants have higher statuses than those of native-born citizens The U. S. keeps taking 1. 2 million immigrants annually, but keep in mind that most of the immigrants that enter, are coming in illegally. In this situation, homogeneous culture has ultimately gravel the victim.Recently a federal judge claimed that out of one hundred new citizens, there was a bare minimum of five true Europeans (Roberts 1). mend Robert was still a child and growing, he and many northerners had the greatest respect t owards General Robert E. Lee, but a while ago El-Amin, an immigrant, compared General Robert E. Lee to Hitler and had a mural of him removed (Roberts 3). Will the lack of good-will toward the American culture mean that portraits of President George Washington will be removed too?If the accumulation of immigrants can lead to the final end to the American culture, we must tamper with this topic, once more (Roberts 3). Areas by the ocean, merchants sell live crabs, crabs whose heart is still drubbing and whose brain is still functioning. These merchants display these animals in open barrels. The crabs always try to escape, but no matter what they cant. As soon as one crab fails, others always still try. When we try to evade sexism, and racism, we usually discover ourselves in a crabs shoe.We whitethorn try as hard as we want, but we will be pulled in the never ending cycle of despair (Lipsitz 1). Many people work to stop such misanthropical crimes. Professor Lipsitz, a teacher at Univ ersity of California in San Diego, who believes that we must step up and over-look racial minorities, so that we may create a better society. All racialized groups suffer from environmental racism, cancer, lead poi intelligenceing, and childhood malnutrition. Many of these people also suffer from unemployment in Asia, Mexico, and Central America.Under these conditions, professor Lipsitz believes we must form inter-ethnic anti-racism as a tactical essential. Alliances across racial boundaries offer some obvious advantages, they produce strength in numbers, and they are more belike to help towards the future. Angela Davis points to workers centers like Asian Immigrant Women Advocates, and lives but not just, class, racial, or gender identities. Such centers also protest against domestic violence, legal advice, and divorce (Lipsitz 2).Because there is no possible way to improve Asian American immigrant workers and because entrepreneurs are often part of the problem, these efforts will automatically lead to inter-ethnic alliances. Inter-ethnic anti-racism enables many aggrieved groups to focus on oppression, and may show that racialized groups are not just at a disadvantage but are being taken advantage of. Inter-ethnic anti-racism is one way we can see the world as another perspective, rather than our false interpretations. The years 2000-2004 have been a critical moment for everyone, of every cultural be spaciousing.In 2001, Al Qaeda launched a sky attack and crashed a plane on the Twin Towers, killing hundreds of innocent people. Soon, the government started to test people, and determine if they work for Al Qaeda. More than half the time, these government officials deport these immigrants due to racism, or fear, and these deportees became the crabs in the barrel. These misanthropical acts have occurred everywhere, not only in the United States of America. Sri Lankas ethnic relations are characterized by periodic disharmony.Since independence, estranged relatio ns between the Sinhalese and the Tamils have continued in the political arena. Intensifying grievances of the last mentioned group against the Sinhalese-dominated governments culminated in the late 1970s in a demand by the Tamil United Liberation Front, the main political party of that community, for an free-lance Tamil state comprising the northern and eastern provinces. This demand grew increasingly militant and eventually evolved into a separatist war featured by acts of terrorism.The violence to which the Tamils breathing in Sinhalese-majority areas were subjected in 1983 contributed to this escalation of the conflict. The secessionist demand itself has met with resistance from the other ethnic groups. As long as people have a jealous attitude or behavior, than this ethnic issue could reach out of hand. Literature writer Alan Paton wrote a book called, Cry, the Beloved Country. This book is about a story of Stephen Kumalo and his son Absalom set against the background of a la nd and people driven by racial injustice.Because the white man has power, we too want power (Paton 70). As long as people have this mentality, injustice will throb in each and every person, like a beating heart. Ethnicity varies from person to person. One may be racist towards a group, but no matter the condition anything of this matter must be condoned. When we forget our differences and unite, nothing can stop us from achieving desirable goals. Our world is an imperfect place, and one could throw bricks and stones in many different directions, as even towards a group of people.There are those who believe immigrants consist entirely of destruction, but the problem is that there is no possible way to assume each and every type of ethnic issues that man can devise. There is a truth to the statement that any variable affects another. If you look determinedly enough, you will find that any variable affects the behavior to something that is being examined. One must be able to skim over what is important and what is not relevant to the problem, in this case ethnic relations. Ethnicity should be condoned when it creates a problem or a disturbance in any matter, important or minor.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Cam) Essay

Complementary and alternative medicinal drug (CAM) includes a variety of interventionsfrom do work and dietary supplements to stress management strategies, biofeedback, and acupuncture. These therapieswhich come from m any different disciplines and traditionsare in general considered to be outside the realm of conventional medicine. When used in crew with conventional medicine, they are referred to as antonymous when used instead of conventional medicine, they are referred to as alternative. In the United States today, approximately 75% of people with MS use one form or another of CAM, generally in combination with their prescribed MS tr work throughments. Are CAM Therapies Safe to Use?Many people use CAM because they believe that anything sell over-the-counter at a pharmacy or health food store is healthy and harmless. However, contrary conventional medical exam treatmentswhich are thoroughly tested and carefully regulated by the U.S. Food and dose Administrationmost CAM therapies open undergone very little, if any, scientific study. So some may be totally safe while others may actually pose significant assaysfor example, by producing serious side make or interacting negatively with other medications a someone is taking. Fortunately, a greater effort is now beingness made to find ways to evaluate the guard duty and effectiveness of versatile types of CAM. Why is Controlled Clinical Studies So Important?Carefully-designed clinical trials are the best way to determine whether a treatment is safe and effective. here are the reasons why * Because the course of MS is variable, and each persons symptoms tend to come and go in an unpredictable way, the only way to determine the effectiveness of a treatment is to test it on a large number of people. * Because most peopleregardless of the disease they havewill have a positive response to any new treatment they receive (even if its an inactive marrow squash or placebo), the effectiveness of a new tr eatment can only be proven by comparing it to a placebo or to another treatment that has already been shown to be effective. * Because every treatment carries with it the risk of anticipated and unanticipated side effects, the only way to evaluate a treatments safety is to evaluate it in a large number of people over a sufficient boundary of time.Recommended Guidelines to FollowPeople who are considering using a CAM therapy should ask the following questions* What does the treatment involve?* How and why is it supposed to work?* How effective is it?* What are the risks?* How much does it cost?The answers to these questions can help a person considering a CAM therapy to weigh the benefits against the risks. For those who decide to go ahead with the CAM therapy, here are some good, common intellect recommendations Keep your physician informed about everything you are taking. Not sharing this in-chief(postnominal) information is exchangeable asking your physician to treat you blind foldedand knowing everything you are taking will allow your remediate to alert you to possible side effects or drug interactions. Dont abandon conventional therapy. The treatments your physician prescribes for you are the ones that have been evaluated in controlled clinical trials or accepted by the MS medical community as safe and effective therapies. So stay with your prescribed treatments even if you decide to leave CAM to your treatment plan. Document the experience. Keep a detailed log of what you take or what is done and any changes you experience.Check out These Complementary Approaches to Physical Health and Emotional Well-Being * Food and DietAlthough various diets have been promoted to cure or control MS, no diet has been proven to modify the course of MS. MS specialists recommend that people follow the same high fiber, low fat diet that is recommended for all adults. * achievement Exercise offers many benefits for people with MS. In addition to improving your overall h ealth, aerobic exercise reduces wear upon and improves bladder and bowel function, strength, and mood.Stretching exercises reduce stiffness and increase mobility. The physicial therapist can recommend an exercise plan to fit your abilities and limitations. * Stress managementThe relationship between stress and the onset or worsen of MS is far from clearand different types of stress appear to affect different people in different ways. But none of us feel our best when were stressed, so its weighty to find the stress management strategies that work best for you. * AcupunctureAcupuncture is finding its way into occidental medicine, with studies suggesting possible benefits for a wide range of problems.Definition of terms1. Alternative medicines is any practice that is plant forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence collected with the scientific method. Typically not part of conventional treatment, alternative medicine is usually based on tra dition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, or fraud. Alternative therapies lack scientific validation, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved. The treatments are those that are not part of the conventional, science-based healthcare system.2. Complementary medicines is treatment and medicine that you use in addition to your doctors standard care.3. Dietary Supplements dietary supplements are substances you eat or drink. They can be vitamins, minerals, herbs or other plants, amino acids (the individual building blocks of protein), or separate of these substances. They can be in pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid form. They supplement (add to) the diet and should not be considered a substitute for food.Importance of CAM in Clinical PharmacyStudying CAM is important in clinical pharmacy since it is concerned with drugs. If you have a patient who does CAM system, then you can be aware of dos and donts so you can perform a bet ter patient counseling. Since CAM is not suggested, but at least you know it, then you can support your patients regarding that.Situational AnalysisTalk to your doctor about risks and benefits of complementary color and alternative medicine Work with your conventional medical doctor to help you make informed decisions regarding complementary and alternative treatments. Even if your doctor cant recommend a specific practitioner, he or she can help you understand possible risks and benefits before you try a treatment. Its especially important to involve your doctor if youre pregnant, have medical problems or take prescription medicine. And dont stop or change your conventional treatment such as the dose of your prescription medications without talk of the town to your doctor first. Finally, be sure to keep your doctor updated on any complementary and alternative therapies youre using, including herbal and dietary supplements.

Human Motivation the Influential Drive Behind Human Altruism

Human need the influential deal behind gracious altruism At the forefront of social psychology the issue of what motivates integrity to transaction upon in a prosocial manner has arisen with a vast array of theory and response. The heart of the topic lies in the ambiguity as to whether atomic number 53 acts altruistically as a result of an innate response of empathy and compassion, or merely due to self interest. By definition altruism refers to, behaviour that avails people with no app argonnt gain or with potential cost to ones self, (Western 2006).Yet, this concept in itself is not unproblematic in that undoubtedly displays of altruism exist, but may not ultimately be compulsive by unselfishness. Motivation is indisputably the integral drive behind human behaviour, and is the most crucial factor influencing human altruism. Reciprocal altruism simply the idea that we offer assistance and expect it returned, is undeniably practiced with the motivation of ones private wel lbeing in mind.Similarly, the concept of motivation also provides a lawful catch of kin selection whereby we ar inclined to religious service our genetic re recentlyd, as aiding ones family will ultimate better ones self. A cost rewards analysis, as well as social exclusion can also be depicted as highly motivated by a persons needs and endurance and therefore can once to a greater extent be deemed selfish. Thus, by grasping a concrete understanding of ones ultimate purpose in a given situation, the school principal as whether we are driven by a natural selfless capacity or with intention of maximizing personal gain can be ascertained.Unquestionably, acts of genuine and veritable(a) altruism exist, however in situations that help is required, consciously or subconsciously the helper is much liable(predicate) to personally benefit from their action, than not. A motive refers to the goal or object of a persons action. Human nature is inherently selfish, therefore when decidin g whether to engage in a prosocial act an persons primary concern is oneself. This is not alship canal conscious to the someone, yet whether it is a simpleton question of the motives for an occupation, or concern for the environment it is linked to maximizing personally or for hostelry as a whole.Krous (2005), conducted explore in order to determine what would motivate people in help related handle such as psychology, education and nursing to work with underserved populations which consist of groups such as ethnic minorities, the mentally ill, the homeless and elderly. The research was conducted using 135 students from Midwestern University majoring in help related fields. Whilst factors such as work autonomy, troubled past experiences or a parent in a constituent concern did inspire some to work with such groups, economic reward and prosperity as well as diverse training proved to be vital to a vast majority.Another fashion in which we can relate peoples motivations with th e concern for themselves is through their view on the environment. This was put to the tryout through a study by Berenguer (2007) whereby participants were presented with illustrations of eight epic trees being cut down and a dead bird on the beach c all everywhereed in oil. The findings concluded that participants conveyed empathy and were dismayed by the lay waste to state of the environment. One needs to pose the question what motivates one to act altruistically toward the environment?The simple fact that they are ultimately a part of the environment that they endeavor to save, and thus prevent the personal and societal hardship that would follow its total destruction. The concept that an individuals sense of be in a group impacts upon their willingness to behave in a socially caring manner, once more brings the vox populi of selfishness to the fore. People are encouraged by their culture and society to take part in prosocial behavior. bandage engaging in a prosocial act o ften entails risk and cost to oneself, in the big picture, belonging to a group provides vast benefits.The concept that ones belongingness will ultimately impact upon a persons willingness to engage in a prosocial act is questioned in a number of research experiments conducted by Twenge (2007). Experiment One donating money had 34 participants take a personality test. Responders were randomly allocated a personality summary of either future alone, future belonging, or misfortune arrest condition. Each participant received $2 for taking part and were informed that there was a disposition for the Student Emergency fund.The results had only 37% of the future alone donate to the fund contrasting with degree centigrade% of the participants in the other groups. Thus, social exclusion lead to a significant decrease in constituent behaviour. This suggests that ones horny state will pertain to their ability to offer empathetic understanding and an inclination to help others, as Tweng e states, Social exclusion apparently renders the prosocial behaviour tool temporarily useless. Therefore, when an individual is emotionally vulnerable and lacking self-esteem they lose their ability to care for the wellbeing of others.Once more the proving human beings as self-interested creatures who are only willing to help when they feel they have been helped or that their society accepts them. Evolutionary theories pertaining to altruism have played a nodal role in understanding human motivations, and save through the kin selection theory and the concept of reciprocal altruism emphases once again that we are compelled by rational self-interest, to always put ourselves first. Kin selection focuses on actions of people who are genetically related as stated by Neyer (2003), blood is thicker than water, implying that kin are generally favored over non-kin. The motive behind a parent, whether human or animal in protecting their off springs is in their attempt to protect and ensure the next generation. The protection of our genetic code is explored by Maynard Smith (1964), which explains that we are more than likely to help direct family over our more distant family and our more distant family over non-kin. This idea is heightened in a study conducted by Burnstein (1994) which found that life or death helping was significantly more likely to be offered with close genetic relatedness.The notion of looking after ones genetic coding for future generations, through the idea of kin selection once more exemplifies the way in which we are hard-wired to act in a socially caring manner to maximise person gain. Reciprocal Altruism, refers to the way in which humans help another person, thus create a relationship where help is expected to be returned at a later date. It is an evolutionary functioning that clarifies prosocial acts that occur among the non-related. A basic example of such an exchange is acknowledged by Fitness (2007), whereby two fishermen in a villag e agree to share what they catch for the day with one another.Therefore if one fisherman does not catch any fish they are reassured that they will not go hungry. Such an example supports the theory that engaging in reciprocal altruism increases the chances of survival over individuals who act selfishly, as long as both parties bear ond reciprocate. Our willingness to help is determined by the likelihood that the help will be returned, therefore in a situation where a stranger requires help it is marvellous that an act will be reciprocated and therefore we feel less inclined to help.In order for the survival of reciprocal altruism, Dovidio (2006) explains that there must be a willingness to chastise those who do cheat and find ways of gratifying individuals that voluntarily refrain from cheating. Reciprocal altruism can be considered a two way street, a relationship in which both parties will profit and therefore is a response visibly motivated to maximize personal gain. The cost a nd benefits of engaging in a prosocial act ultimately determines ones willingness to involve themselves, hence supporting the concept that we are hard-wire for personal gain.From this view, humans are rational and chiefly come to with their own self-interest and agenda. Dovidio (2006) explains the notion of a cost reward analysis, whereby in a potential helping situation the individual weighs the possible costs and benefits in order to reach the most desired outcome. An definitive aspect of grasping the parameters of prosocial behavior consists of learning when people will help. Dovidio (2006) references the assault of Kitty Genovese, whereby arriving home late from work she was brutally attacked outside her apartment building.This horrific event took place over 45 legal proceeding whereby the attacker returned three times, finally stabbing her to death with a shocking 38 onlookers that did nothing to help. This fortuity confirms the view that we are predominantly concerned with our own survival and self-interest as the potential helpers perceive the dangers to dominate over the benefits. Contrastingly, Dovidio (2006) cites the case of Reginald Denny, who was brutally beaten during the civil disturbance in Los Angeles in 1992. four-spot African Americans were watching nearby on live television and rushed to the scene fending off his attackers and transporting him to hospital, then saving his life. Whilst the four helpers were deemed heroes and rewarded with internal benefits of self satisfaction and fulfillment of ones duty, it challenges the idea that we are hard-wired for personal gain as this act is undeniably a genuine expression of altruism. continuum There is a vast array of motivators that explain why humans engage in altruistic behaviour, a large majority pertaining to the desire to maximize personal gain.Such motivations are reinforced by the evolutionary theories on kin selection and reciprocal altruism as well as ones emotional state and the c oncept of a cost and reward analysis. This is not to say expressions of genuine altruism do not exist, as we have clearly established they do they are simply few and furthermost between. It is evident that humans have the capacity both to be incredibly selfish and heroically altruistic it would seem that tragically selfishness is hard-wired into us where we are motivated with one leading concern, ourselves. References * John F.Dovidio, Jane Allyn Piliavin, David A. Schroeder, Louis A. Penner. (2006) Social psychology of Prosocial Behaviour. Book Chapter 3 The Context When will people help? Chapter 4 Why do people help? * Krous, Tangala M. D. Nauta, Margaret M. (2005) Values, Motivations, and Learning Experiences of Future Professionals Who Wants to Serve Underserved Populations? Education and Training in Professional Psychology. Volume 36(6), pg 688-694 * Twenge, Jean (M). Baumeister, Roy (F) DeWall,(C). Nathan Ciarocco, Natalie (J) Bartels, (J). Michael. (2007). daybook or P ersonality and Social Psychology. Social exclusion decrease Prosocial behaviour. Volume 92 (1) p56-66 * Berenguer, J. (2007). The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes. milieu and Behaviour, 39 269 * Westen, D. (2006). Psychology 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hobeoken. United States of America * Neyer, Franz J. Lang, Frieder R. (2003). Blood is thicker than water. Kinship Orientation among adults. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 84. Pg 310-321 * Fitness (2007). Lecture Altruism and Prosocial Behaviour

Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the olden three decennaries or so the find and farther development of biosorption phenomena has gained impulse and has transformed the methods by the agencies of which fuck up H2O wastewater is treated to take pollutants and retrieve valuable resources present in these sedimentary systems uniform tinges. Biosorption is going a brilliant alternate to replace or supplement the present spot removal processes from model in besprinkleries wastewater. This engineering has drawn the attending of industries as it is economically feasible and environmentally friendly. The position of scientific development of a engineering can be reflected through analyses of the literatures refering to it, in this reappraisal, we qualitatively examine slightly all facets of biosorption research through research articles and opposite reappraisal documents. We yield fundamentally centre on biosorption of textile dyestuffs utilizing lifeless fungous biomass obtained from autoclaved or in set o ff genus Aspergillus Niger. Materials use, methodological analysiss used and informations obtained has been assimilated from literature cited below. Finally, we summarized the of import considerations of the legitimate research on biosorption, the consequences and decisions obtained from the information, every bit intelligent as the suggestions and our ideas and thoughts for its future waies.IntroductionRapid industrialization and urbanisation all over the Earth has resulted in the coevals of freehand measures of aqueous wastewaters, legion(predicate) of which check into high breaker points of toxic pollutants. Assorted physical, chemic and biological procedures are being employed to take pollutants from industrial effluents before discharge into the environment as in the instance of intervention of adsorbent pollutants like levelheaded metals and ionic dyes, nevertheless, about of the pompous intervention procedures, particularly chemical precipitation, curdling, activa ted Cs and the usage of ion-exchange rosins go less effectual and much expensive when the adsorbates are in a low concentration arena and their high cost and low efficiency and deficiency of practicality concord limited their commercial usage in the flying field. Since either type of solid stuff has the capableness to invade pollutants to some grade, a recruit of industrial in native wastes, such as ash, or natural inorganic stuffs like clay, man-made stuffs, every bit dandy as, populating or inanimate biomass/biomaterials, have been investigated as inexpensive adsorbents capable of replacing the well-known, further more than expressive 1s as their cost is low and efficiency is higher and the biosorbants can be regenerated, and the possibility of dye recovery following surface soaking up biomass-based adsorbents or biosorbents as they are normally called, are the most attractive options to physical and chemical procedures. The usage of biosorbents for the remotion of tox ic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous waste Waterss is one of the most recent developments in environmental or bioresource engineering. Biosorption of dyes has become a commonplace environmentally driven research subject, and is one of the most sought after procedures in the modern 24 hours where bioremediation is cardinal in continuing the environment for future coevalss. Bohumil Volesky, a innovator in the field, defined biosorption as the belongings of certain biomolecules ( or types of biomass ) to adhere and concentrate selected ions or other molecules from aqueous results. Biosorption by dead biomass ( or by some molecules and/or their active groups ) is inactive and occurs chiefly due to the affinity amid the biosorbent and adsorbate.Types of Biomass or Biomaterials Pollutants like metals and dyes can be removed by surface assimilation by populating micro-organisms, but can also be removed by dead biomass. Surveies on practicality in the field for large-scale applications have demonstrated that biosorptive procedures utilizing dead biomass is much more feasible option than the procedures that use populating biomass, since the latter postulate a alimentary supply and complicated bioreactor systems. Plus the usage of dead biomass eliminates the care of a profound microbic population, and the other environmental factors like temperature and pH of the solution being treated. Dye recovery is alike limited in life cells since these may be bound intracellularly. and then maintaining these factors in head, attending has been focused on the usage of dead biomass as biosorbents. As mentioned above, dead biomass has advantages over life micro-organisms. A intercrossed procedure can besides be employed which uses both dead and living biomass so as to amplification the efficiency of biosorption. However, we have chosen to concentrate on individual biosorption processes in this reappraisal and to countermand treatment of intercrossed procedures combined with biosorption. The first major challenge faced is to choose the most promising types of biomass from an highly big pool of readily available and cheap biomaterials. To streamline this when taking biomass, for on field or industrial utilizations, the chief factor to be taken into history is its handiness and bargain rate. Therefore maintaining these factors in head, native biomass can come from ( I ) industrial wastes free of charge ( two ) organisms scant(p) gettable in big sums in nature and ( three ) organisms that can be expectant apace and which can be cultivated easy. A wide scope of biomass types have been tested for their biosorptive capacities under sundry(a) conditions at this point in clip, but there are no bounds to geographic sashay of new biomass types holding low cost and high efficiency. Biosorptive capacities of various(a) biomass types have been quantitatively compared in many reappraisal documents. Biosorbents chiefly fall into the undermentioned classs bacteriums, Fungis, algae, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, natural residues, and other biomaterials. Quantitative compare of the 100s of biosorbents reported therefore far is non possible hence informations from various(a) documents that have done these types of comparings of biosorptive capacities of assorted biosorbents for assorted pollutants were used. It should be noted that the biosorptive capacity of a certain type of biosorbent depends on its pretreatment methods, every bit good as, on experimental conditions like pH and temperature. When comparing biosorptive capacities of biosorbents we consider it for a mark pollutant, hence, the experimental informations should be carefully considered in visible radiation of these factors. After taking a signifier of inexpensive and ample biomass, the biosorbent capableness for taking a mark pollutant can be derived through simple chemical and/or physical method ( s ) . New biosorbents can be m anipulated for better efficiency and for multiple reuses to increase their economic attraction, compared with conventional adsorbents like ion-exchange rosins or activated Cs.ClassExamplesBacteriasGram-positive bacteriums ( Bacillussp. Corynebacteriumsp. , etcetera) Gram-negative bacteriums ( Es-cherichia sp. , Pseudomonas sp ) blue green algae.AlgaMicro-algae ( Clorella sp. , Chlamydomonas sp. , etc ) macro-algae ( green seaweed ( Enteromorpha sp. ) brown seaweed ( Sargassum sp. ) and ruddy seaweed )IndustrialWastesAgitation wastes, food/ drinkable wastes, activatedsludges, anaerobiotic sludges, etc.Fungus kingdomsMolds ( Aspergillus sp. , Rhizopus sp. Etc. ) mushrooms ( Agaricus sp. , Trichaptum sp. Etc. ) And Yeast.AgriculturalWastesFruit/ veggie wastes, rice straws, wheat bran,soya bean hulls, etc.Natural residuesPlant residues, sawdust, tree barks, weeds, etc.OthersChitosan-driven stuffs, cellulose-driven stuffs, etc.Table 1 Different type of biosorbents.Mechanisms of Pollutan ts Removal by Biosorbents There are many types of biosorbents derived from bacteriums, Fungis, barms, and algae ( Table 1 ) . The complex construction of these implies that there are many ways, by which these biosorbents remove assorted pollutants, but these are yet to be to the full understood. Therefore, there are many chemical/operative groups that can pull and sequester pollutants, depending on the pick of biosorbent. These can dwell of amide, aminoalkane, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, imine, iminazole, sulfonate, sulfhydryl, thioether, phenolic, phosphate, and phosphodiester groups. However, the presence of some usable groups does non vouch successful biosorption of pollutants, as steric, conformational, or other barriers may besides be present. The importance of any given group for biosorption of a certain pollutant by a certain biomass depends on assorted factors, including the figure of reactive sites in the biosorbent, handiness of the sites, chemical province of the sites ( i.e. handiness ) , and affinity between the sites and the peculiar pollutant of familiarity ( i.e. adhering strength ) . The apprehension of the mechanisms by which biosorbents take pollutants is really of import for the development of biosorption procedures for the concentration, remotion, and recovery of the pollutants from aqueous solutions, besides on the footing of these mechanisms alterations can be made on the biomass so as to increase the adsorption-desorption capacity of it. When the chemical or physiological reactions happening during biosorption are known, the rate, measure, and specificity of the pollutant consumption can be manipulated through the judicial admission and control of procedure parametric quantities. Biosorption of metals or dyes occurs chiefly through interactions such as ion exchange, complexation, and surface assimilation by physical forces, precipitation and entrapment in interior infinites.Conventional diagram for treating different Biosorption me chanismstypes of native biomass into biosorbents. recovery and Regeneration One of the of import grounds why biosorption is favoured over conventional procedures is due to the recovery of pollutant from the biosorbent and synchronic regeneration of the biosorbent for reuse which makes it economically feasible for industries. In fact, the utility of a specific biomass as a biosorbent depends non merely on its biosorptive capacity, but besides on the easiness of its regeneration and reuse. However, most research workers have tended to concentrate merely on the biosorptive capacity of biosorbent tested, without consideration of the regeneration required for industrial applications. The adsorbate bound onto the surface of a biosorbent through metabolism-independent biosorption may be easy desorbed by simple non- mischievous physical/chemical methods utilizing chemical eluants, but intracellularly bound adsorbate through metabolism-dependent bioaccumulation can be merely released by de structive methods like incineration or disintegration into strong acids or bases. If inexpensive biomass is used as a biosorbent for retrieving a certain pollutant, so destructive recovery would be economically executable. However, most attending to day of the calendar month has focused on non-destructive desorption from the laden biosorbent. For this ground, the pick between life or dead biomass systems is of import be energise of the subtraction for recovery. In many instances, dilute mineral acids or bases allow high-octane desorption from the biosorbent, but they besides cause serious structural harm to the biosorbent itself, ensuing in a bead in the biosorptive capacity of the biosorbent following regeneration. Organic dissolvers such as ethyl alcohol can be besides used for desorbing organic pollutants such as dyes from the biosorbent. Sometimes heating or micro-cooking can help desorption with an eluant or mixture solution. As good, as antecedently mentioned, the solution p H will hold a strong influence on biosorption of a mark pollutant therefore, simple use of the pH of the desorbing solution should theoretically be a good method for regeneration of the biosorbent and recovery of the pollutant.FUNDAMENTAL REVIEWHow is the fabric wastewaters treated today?It is non easy to handle the wastewaters by the conventional biological and physico-chemical procedures, e.g. visible radiation, heat, wash and oxidising agents, used in regular intervention workss. That is because of the complexicity of the dyes aromatic molecular constructions. adsorption is the most helpful physical procedure in the handling these dye waste Waterss. Today activated C is usually used for surface assimilation in many intervention workss. But the fiddle forthing costs for activated C is really high, there is a demand of an alternate stuff that is more cost capable. A low costs adsorbent is defined as one which is rich in nature or one that is produces as a by-product in another in dustry. There have been surveies on tonss of different natural stuffs as adsorbents in handling fabric wastewaters, for model proverb dust and agricultural wastes like wheat straw and maize hazelnut. Now biosorption is investigated as a method to absorb the wastewaters and different beings handling different sorts of dyes are tested.Man-made dyes are widely used in fabric industries. As a consequence, about 10-20 % of the dyes are lost during the built-up and dyeing procedure, bring forthing big sums of dye-containing effluent. Largely dyes used are azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes, categories is based on its chromophore.The white putrefaction Fungis are known to be really efficient for azo dye decolorization as assorted Aspergillus species, have been reported to bleach assorted dyes.Aspergillus NigerThe dye solution will be treated with inactivated Aspergillus Niger. A. Niger is a Fungi which has already been used industrially in bring forthing citric acid. Citric acid used to be produced by extraction from lemons and other citrous fruit fruits, but today microbic agitation is a loosely spread technique and about all citric acid is produced this manner. In these agitation industries A. Niger besides comes out as a waste merchandise which makes it suited for probes of the biosorption ability. A. Niger is a dark colored Fungis ( see Figure a and B ) that could be seen at decomposing nutrient and is so called black cast. It is largely fruits and veggies that are bear upon by the cast, for illustration grape fruits, onions and peanuts. One should non bury when covering with the Fungi that it could do fungus diseases on both worlds and animate beings. Aspergillus Niger is a common saprophytic fungus in tellurian environments. If the cells of the Fungis are active they are easy affected by toxic compounds and chemicals in the waste H2O and they may so foul the environment by let go ofing toxins or propagules.Figure a Aspergillus Niger turning Figure B onion plant with black caston Czapek dox agar in a Petri dish.DyesOn the whole a big many figure of dyes have been used by different research workers but it is non possible to parade the information for all the dyes which were tested therefore in this reappraisal we have concentrated on a few dyes which are most normally used by the fabric industries.Direct Blue 199 stinging Blue 29Basic Blue 9Dispersed ruddy 1Table 2 Different types of dyes.Culture Conditionss and Microorganism Aspergillus niger pellets were used to obtain the paramorphic signifiers of A. oryzae. Pure civilization was maintained on alimentary beef agar medium at 4 & A deg C or were grown in potato-dextrose stock at pH 5.6, 29 1 C on the shaker. After heptad yearss, when monogenesis occurred, the biomass was autoclaved at 121 C, 103.42 kPa for 45 min in order to kill the fungous biomass ( figure degree Celsius ) . The biomass was separated by filtrating the growing medium through Whatman No. 1 paper after ri nse off the fungous biomasses it will dried at 80 C for 20 h. The quantification of fungous biomass was carried out utilizing a additive standardization between volumes of fungous pelletized civilization and its several dry weight. The concentration found may hold suffered minor alterations, accordingly to the processs made during its paramorphogenesis.Figure degree Celsius Biosorbent powderedBiosorption ExperimentsExperiments were conducted 30 milliliter of the dye solution at an orbital shaking of 120 cycles/min. The temperature and pH conditions were varied for the different experiments The estimative biomass ( autoclaved ) for entire remotion of the dyes were reckon at three different pH values ( 2.50 4.50, and 6.50 ) After the choice of the better pH ( 2.50 ) , the dye solutions were equipped with the same dye concentration. Therefore, the solutions were inoculated with A. niger pellets ( mg mL?1 ) acquiring through different biomass concentration. Samples were move back at specified interval of clip to supervise dye surface assimilation by UV-VIS ( examine was performed between 300 and 800 nanometer ) spectrophotometer at the optical density upper limit of the several dye.

Love at First Sight Essay

Love at First SightWriting SampleOnce upon a time there was a miss. One day she saw a boy shed neer met across a crowded room. Their eyes locked she froze in her tracks, her face stuck in awe. Her blood ran cold her fingers began to rush as a shiver ran through her entire body. 8.2 heartbeats later the boy flashed her a beaming smile. His demeanor injected a flood of warmth into her fragile heart and her mouth involuntarily turned up to pitch the gesture. She didnt know how or why how constantly she k bare-ass at that moment that this boy was the unitary. This is the true and widely distributed story of a phenomenon known as cognize at first base sight.When I was a shaver I used to shamble after my mom around the house asking her Mommy, whats it alike(p) to be in get it on? she always sat me take and answered Its nothing I fuel explain, sweetie, youll know it when you feel it. How could this be? How could an experience be so complex it cant be described in words? How on earth could this happen with one look? Science says its simple its whole in our biological makeup. In a recent article produce in psychological science Today John R. Buri, Ph.D. describes that when we experience an instant attraction neurotransmitter chemicals are released into our nervous arranging stimulating a powerful physiological arousal. But how far does this stimulant take us?We entirely know what its like to encounter a hot boy or girl on any regular day but this exciting meeting is usually easily forgotten and rarely affects us in any way besides providing topic of conversation among friends (Have you seen that new cashier? He is fine And he totally checked me out today). Some may say that this brief glitch of pleasure is all that will ever result from a first meeting, but stories all around us attest to something greater. A submission tothe PBS segment American Love Stories reads I met my husband in an emergency room while he was doing a medical examination schoo l rotation. I was beingtreated for a migraine headache. From twenty-five feet away and despite legion(predicate) interruptions, including my pain, our eyes locked, and we married a little over a year later. This is just one of the tales that pop-up all around us converting the emotionally willing to hopeless romance. The question we must ask, though, is how much of this phenomenon is rooted in fairytales and how much is it rooted in science?In an experiment recently conducted by Cornell University on a sample of fruit flies, female fruit flies were capable to sense, upon first encounter, males of the same species that were genetically adequate of producing more offspring with them than other males that werent. The scientists explained this result by concluding that the female flies were innately fit out for love and the chemicals and proteins needed for their response were already in place, without the need for new genes to be activated. though there are differences between the g enetics in domain and fruit flies, the same principles may apply. Clara Moskowitz, condition of the article Love at First Sight Might be Genetic, refers to an experiment where humans were more attracted to the scents emitted from T-shirts that were not of those who were genetically related to them, proving that human bodies have a natural instinct that prevents inbreeding and is able to sense their better match.Its hard to imagine the amazing complexity of the human mind and feelings but a lot of people put all of their faith or belief into something they cant even see or understand. In the article Love at First sight Psychology today reveals that approximately 60% of Americans believe in love at first sight. This might be due to the fact that over 50% said they have experienced it.Whether or not one believes in love at first sight, its no question that humans are scientifically capable of it. Our culture is surrounded by the magical idea of true love and impossibly sentimentalis t fairytales that seem too good to be true but maybe the reason these stories seem so out of reach is because they have an outrageous take on relationships and the circumstances in which they develop.So what is love? A romantic duet in a pond under a star-sprinkled sky? A brave, handsome prince rescuing a gorgeous, innocent damsel in distress from a fire-breathing dragon? A happily ever after? Most would have a hard time defining something as cloak-and-dagger as love, but with the burst of technology in the last decade, scientists have uncovered explanations for more than ever thought possible. Judith Newman investigates her heart out in the Parade Article The Science of Love, breaking down the concept into three chemicals in the brain that each contribute to a different piece of the love puzzle. The first, dopamine, is connected to the addictive feeling of pleasure one may feel around someone they love.Norepinphrine, the second neurotransmitter released, causes the jitters and ner ves that result from being in love. The third, Serotonin, balances out the norepinphrine by releasing a soothe chemical into the brain. These three transmitters release enough mix of emotions into the body to cause the sensation we know as love. As scientists discover more and more about humans, more and more is revealed about how we were biologically constructed to adjust a life-long partner. And if love really is just a release of fancy brain chemicals, its believably that they can work fast enough to be triggered at first sight we are passably smart after all.To make the claim that love is all mental is, well, plain mental insofar to say it is scientifically impossible is just as crazy. Its plain to see that love happens all around us and most importantly when were not expecting it. Not everything can be explained by science, evenwhen it comes to biological instinct, but sometimes a simple meeting of the eyes or a flash of a genuine smile explains it all.Works Cited1. Love, Home /. Love at First Sight, device to the Future. PBS Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. .2. Moskowitz, Clara. Love at First Sight Might Be Genetic LiveScience.Live Science. 08 Apr. 2009. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. .3. Buri, Ph.D, John R. Love At First Sight. Psychology Today. 16 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. .4. Newman, Judith. The Science of Love. Parade 12 Feb. 2012 9+. Print

Exxon Mobil and Environment

Author Login cyclopaedia of Earth Search Top of Form picpic Bottom of Form Earthportal Earthnews cyclopedia of Earth Forum EoE Pages o Home o About the EoE o Editorial Board o International Advisory Board o FAQs o EoE for Educators o Contri thoe to the EoE o Support the EoE o Contact the EoE o Find Us Here o RSS o Reviews o Awards and Honors pic Solutions Journal pic run the EoE o Titles (A-Z) o Author o Topics o Topic Editor o depicted object Partners o Content Sources o eBooks o Environmental Classics o Collections pic pic pic Exxon Valdez crude anoint spill Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Events leading up to the spill 3 The behavior of the crude anoint 4 Countermeasures and mitigation 4. 1 Control of the c everywhere spill at sea 4. 2 Shoreline interposition 5 frugal clashings 6 How often sentences embrocate catch ones breaths? 7 Eco trunk solvent to the spill 7. 1 Acute death rate 7. 2 Long-term impacts 7. 3 State of recoery 8 Legal re sponsibility of ExxonMobil 8. 1 shepherds crook settlement 8. 1. 1 Plea Agreement 8. 1. Criminal Restitution 8. 2 Civil Settlement 9 The receipt of ExxonMobil 10 Lessons learned from the spill 11 Further Reading pic pic Contributing Author Cutler J.Cleveland ( other(a) binds) Content Source issue maritime and Atmospheric Administration (other articles) Article Topics Pollution and Energy This article has been reviewed and canonic by the following Topic Editor Peter Saundry (other articles) Last Up pictured sublime 26, 2008 pic Introduction On jar against 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Al holda to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William vowelize, Alaska. The vessel was traveling remote normal exile lanes in an attempt to avoid ice.Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spil direct approximately 10. 9 zillion g exclusivelyons of its 53 zillion gallon cargo of Prudhoe talk crude embrocate. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The crude would eventually impact over 1,century miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill to date in U. S. waters. The response to the Exxon Valdez involved more personnel and equipment over a longsighteder period of time than did any other spill in U. S. history.Logistical problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management. At the top of the response, more than 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup. pic pic The Exxon Valdez aground on Bligh Reef. (Source NOAA) Shoreline cleanup began in April of 1989 and go along until September of 1989 for the first form of the response. The response effort continued in 990 and 1991 with cleanup in the spend months, and limited shoreline monitoring in the winter months. Fate and do monitoring by e reconcile and federal agencies atomic number 18 ongoing. The images that the world saw on television and descriptions they heard on the radio that spring were of intemperately oiled shorelines, dead and dying wildlife, and thou sands of workers mobilized to clean b for each onees. These images reflected what many people felt was a horrific environmental insult to a relatively pristine, ecologically important atomic number 18a that was home to many species of wildlife endangered elsewhere.In the weeks and months that followed, the oil spread over a wide bea in Prince William solidly and beyond, resulting in an unprecedented response and cleanupin fact, the largest oil spill cleanup ever mobilized. Many local, state, federal, and individual(a) agencies and groups took part in the effort. Even today, scientists continue to workplace the alter shorelines to understand how an ecosystem like Prince William enunciate responds to, and recovers from, an incident like the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Events leading up to the spillThe Exxon Valdez departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 912 pm, manifest 23, 1989. William Murphy, an unspoiled ships pilot hired to lock the 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of the wheelhouse. At his side was the sea captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood. steerer Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and lord Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. The Exxon Valdez encountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captain Hazelwood ordered Claar to stimulate the Exxon Valdez out of the shipping lanes to go around the ice.He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was re sided by Helmsman Robert Kagan. For reasons that remain unclear, Cousins and Kagan failed to make the turn back into the shipping lanes and the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef at 1204 a. m. , March 24, 1989. Captain Hazelwood was in his quarters at the time.The field of study Transportation gumshoe Board investigated the accident and determined five probable causes of the grounding (1) The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue and excessive workload (2) the master failed to provide a proper sailing watch, possibly due to impairment from alcohol (3) Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez (4) the U. S. semivowel Guard failed to provide an effective vessel traffic system and (5) effective pilot and escort run were lacking.The behavior of the oil pic pic The oil slick (blue areas) eventually blanket(a) 470 miles souwest from Bligh Reef. The spill area eventually coreed 11,000 square miles. (Source Exxon Valdez Oil freeing legal guardian Council) Prudhoe Bay crude oil has an API gra vity of 27. 0, and a pour point of 0 degrees Celcius. The bulk of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez was released inside 6 hours of the ships grounding. The ordinary trend of the oil was south and west from the point of origin. For the first few days after the spill, most of the oil was in a large c erstwhilentrated patch scraggy Bligh Island.On March 26, a storm, which generated winds of over 70 mph in Prince William belong, weather much of the oil, changing it into mousse and tarballs, and distributed it over a large area. By March 30, the oil ex track downed 90 miles from the spill site. Ultimately, from Bligh Reef, the spill stretched 470 miles southwest to the village of Chignik on the Alaska Peninsula. Approximately 1,300 miles of shoreline were oiled. 200 miles were heavily or moderately oiled (obvious impact) 1,100 miles were lightly or very lightly oiled (light sheen or occasional tarballs). The spill region contains more than 9,000 miles of shoreline.In sum total to the storm of March 26, the spill occurred at a time of year when the spring tidal fluctuations were most 18 feet. This tended to deposit the oil onto shorelines in a higher place the normal regularise of wrap action. The diversity in shoreline types in the affected areas led to varied oiling conditions. In many cases, oil was present on sheer carry faces making access and cleanup difficult, or stiry beaches with grain size anywhere from coarse sand to boulders, where the oil could percolate to a sub- go up level. The spill affected 2 sheltered and exposed (to last drift/weather action) shorelines.Once oil landed on a shoreline it could be floated off at the next high tide, carried to and deposited in a different location, making the tracking of oil migration and shoreline impact very difficult. This migration ended by mid-summertime 1989, and the stay cleanup dealt with oiled shorelines, rather than oil in the water. Cleanup operations continued during the summer month s of 1990 and 1991. By 1990, step to the fore oil, where it existed, had become significantly brave. Sub-surface oil, on the other hand, was in many cases much little wea in that respectd and soundless in a liquid state. The liquid sub-surface oil could give off a sheen when disturbed.Cleanup in 1991 concentrated on the remaining cut back quantities of surface and sub-surface oil. Countermeasures and Mitigation Control of the oil spill at sea The Alyeska Pipeline Service Company was immediately nonified of the incident and sent a tug to the site to assist in stabilizing the vessel. At the time of the incident, the Alyeska spill response thrust ahead was out of service being re-outfitted. It arrived on scene by 1500 on 24 March. Alyeska was overwhelmed by the magnitude of the incident by March 25, Exxon had assumed full responsibility for the spill and cleanup effort. pic pic The Exxon Valdez surrounded by a containment gold rush. Source Exxon Valdez Oil firing regent Counc il) Deployment of boom around the vessel was complete inside 35 hours of the grounding. Exxon conducted successful dispersant scrutiny applications on March 25 and 26 and was granted permission on March 26 to move over dispersants to the oil slick. Due to the large storm that began the evening of March 26, much of the oil turned into mousse. As dispersants arent generally able to dissipate oil in the form of mousse, it was no longer practical to use dispersants on floating oil during this response. On the evening of March 25, a test in-situ burn of oil on water was conducted.Approximately 15,000 to 30,000 gallons of oil were collect using 3M discharge Boom towed behind two sportfishing vessels in a U-shaped configuration, and ignited. The oil burned for a total of 75 minutes and was reduced to approximately 300 gallons of residue that could be collected easily. It was forecastd that the efficiency of this test burn was 98 percent or go bad. Again, continued in-situ burning was not possible because of the change over in the oils state after the storm of March 26. Five dispersant trials took place between March 25 and March 28, but by March 29 the Regional Response Team (RRT) decided that dispersants were no longer feasible.Because there was not enough equipment to protect all the shorelines that could be impacted, Federal, state and local agencies collaborated to engraft shoreline protection priorities. The agencies decided that fish hatcheries and salmon streams had the highest antecedence accordingly, containment booms were deployed to protect these areas. Five fish hatcheries in Prince William speech sound and two in the Gulf of Alaska were boomed, with the largest add together of boom deployed at the Sawmill Bay hatchery in Prince William Sound.At the height of containment efforts, it is estimated that a total of 100 miles of boom was deployed. Almost all the types of boom available on the grocery store were utilize and tested during the spill r esponse. Due to the size of the spill, it was necessary to employ inexperienced workers to deploy and tend booms, and this led to virtually boom being incorrectly used or handled, and nearwhattimes damaged. Some boom sank because of improper deployment, infrequent tending, or leakage and/or inadequacy in the buoyancy system. Other problems include fabric tears in boom due to debris, and tearing at anchorage points from wave action.In whatever cases, ballast chains were ripped off during boom convalescence if the boom was lifted by the chain. One estimate suggests that 50 percent of the damage to larger boom came during boom recovery. For self-inflating booms, it was important to keep the inflation valves above the water during deployment so that the boom did not become filled with water and have to be replaced. transmitting aerial surveillance was used to direct the deployment of booms and navy mans for open water oil recovery. Visual overflight observations as intimately as ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR) brush ups were used by the USCG and Exxon to track the floating oil.Satellite imagery was also tested as a method to track oil but was not very useful because of the infrequency of satellite passes over Prince William Sound (every 7 to 8 days), cloud cover, and spacey turn around time for results. The special means of open water oil recovery was with sailors. In general, most skimmers became less effective once the oil had spread, emulsified and mixed with debris. To save time, it was most practical to keep skimmer offloading equipment and oil storage barges near the skimmers. The most used skimmers during the response were the Marco sorbent lifting- crash skimmers that were supplied by the U.S. Navy. Once oil became viscous, the sorbent part of the skimmer was removed and the conveyor belt alone was sufficient to pull the oil up the ramp. The pump that came with the skimmer had difficulty offloading viscous oil, so that other vacuum equipment was used to unload the collected oil. The Marco skimmers were generally not used close to shore because they draw between three and four feet. In general, the paddle belt and rope mop skimmers were the most useful for recovery of oil from the shoreline. The skimmers were placed on self-propelled barges with a shallow draft.Sorbents were used to recover oil in cases where mechanical means were less practical. The drawback to sorbents was that they were labor intensifier and generated additional solid waste. Sorbent boom was used to collect sheen between primary and secondary winding layers of offshore boom, and to collect sheen released from the beach during tidal flooding. Pompoms were useful for picking up small amounts of weathered oil. Towing of sorbent boom in a zigzag or circular fashion behind a boat was used to collect oil and was more efficient than towing the boom in a bully line.Sorbent booms made of rolled pads were more effective than booms made of individual particles bec ause these absorbed less water and were stronger, and did not break into many small particles if they came apart. Early on in the response, storage space for recovered oil was in hapless supply. To combat the storage space problem, water was decanted from skimmers or tanks into a boomed area in the lead offloading. As a result, the remaining viscous oil mixture was difficult to offload, the process sometimes taking up to 6 to 8 hours. High- message skimmer offloading pumps, in particular grain pumps, were the most useful in transferring viscous oil.The oil remaining on the Exxon Valdez, was completely offloaded by the end of the first week in April 1989. After offloading operations were completed, the tanker was towed to a location 25 miles from Naked Island in Prince William Sound for brief repairs. Later in the summer of 1989, the vessel was brought to California for further repairs. Shoreline treatment Shoreline assessment was a prerequisite for the implementation of any bea ch cleanup. Assessment provided geomorphological, biological, archaeological and oiling information that was used for the development of site particular treatment strategies.Cleanup operations were scheduled around specific activities such as seal haulout activity, seal pupping, double birdie nesting, fish spawning, fishing seasons, and other significant events as much as possible. pic pic Shoreline treatment from the Exxon Valdez spill. (Source Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council) In 1989, hoses spraying seawater were used to flush oil from shorelines. The released oil was then detain with offshore boom, and removed using skimmers, vacuum trucks (useful for thick layers of oil) and boom (sorbent, snare, pompoms).For hard to reach areas, or locations with weathered oil, heated seawater was used to flush oil from the shoreline. Converted vessels and barges were used for beach washing operations. It would take some(prenominal) days to outfit a conventional barge with the equip ment needed to heat and pump the water. littler vessels that were used for beach washing early in the spill were re-outfitted for bioremediation subsequent in the response. Along with the large-scale beach washing, manual cleanup, raking and tilling the beaches, oily debris pickup, enhanced bioremediation and spot washing were used to cleanup the oil.In some locations, oil was thick enough to be picked up with shovels and buckets. In addition, mechanical methods were used on a few sites, including the use of bulldozers to relocate or remove the contaminated beach surfaces. Mechanical rock washing machines, which were manufactured for the spill, were not used to clean contaminated rocks and return them to the beach. Oiled storm articulatio humeri was mechanically relocated in some cases so that these areas, which normally would not receive much wave action, would be more exposed and cleaned by natural processes.If the oiling in the shoulder joint was significant or obdurate it wa s tilled to free the oil or washed to optimize the cleaning. Recommendations were made to restrict the movement of berm to the upper third of the beach to ensure its return to the original location. pic pic Beach washing. (Source Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council) Beach applications of dispersants were tried in several locations. Corexit 7664 was applied on Ingot Island, followed by a loosen up water wash. No significant change in oil cover or the physical state of the oil was observed as a result of the treatment. Some ecological impacts were observed in the tempered areas.It appeared that the effects were largely due to the intensive washing more than to the use of Corexit 7664, and were evident in intertidal epibenthic macrobiota. In addition, the dispersant BP1100X was applied to a test area on Knight Island. Toxicology studies indicated that the upper and lower intertidal biota were different from pre-application communities the day after dispersant application, and retur ned to pre-treatment levels after seven days. In May of 1989, the U. S. Environmental vindication Agency (EPA) and Exxon conducted bioremediation trials at two test sites on Knight Island in Prince William Sound.On the basis of these tests and other trials later in the summer, Exxon recommended the use of the bioremediation enhancement agents, Inipol (Inipol EAP22manufactured by Elf Aquitaine of France) and Customblen (Customblen 28-8-0 manufactured by Sierra Chemicals of California), and after treated over 70 miles of shoreline in Prince William Sound with these agents. Winter monitoring of the effects of bioremediation consisted of surveys of more than 20 beaches in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska.These studies determined that oil degradation had been enhanced on the shorelines monitored, but some debate existed over whether bioremediation was solely, or even largely, responsible. Cleanup operations in 1989 ceased by the end of September. all told parties involved in the response agreed that continuation of cleanup into the Alaskan winter would jeopardize the safety of cleanup crews. In addition, it was speculated that the winter storms in Alaska could significantly remove oil from shorelines, including sub-surface oil.By the end of the 1989 cleanup, more than 25,000 gobs of oiled waste and several hundred thousand pose of oil/liquid waste were collected and disposed of in landfills. Cleanup in 1990 began in April and ended in September. Surveys in the spring of 1990 showed that oiling conditions had been reduced or changed over the winter. Surface oil in 1990 was significantly weathered but sub-surface oil was relatively fresh in some locations. Cleanup techniques in 1990 focused more on manual methods of treatment such as hand wiping and spot washing as well as bioremediation.Mechanical equipment was used on a few sites. Bioremediation was more extensive in 1990, with 378 of the 587 shoreline segments treated that year receiving bioremediat ion application. In general, Inipol was applied in cases where surface oiling existed and Customblen slow release pellets were preferred for treating beaches with sub-surface oiling. Generally, beaches were habituated one to three treatments over several months. hit over the possible ototoxicity of Inipol led to recommendations for application of only Customblen on some sites.By the spring of 1991, the cathode-ray oscilloscope of the cleanup effort was greatly reduced. Manual cleanup, bioremediation, and very limited use of mechanical equipment were employed. Cleanup took place from May of 1991 through July of 1991. An important observation that resulted from the Exxon Valdez oil spill was that natural cleaning processes, on both sheltered and exposed beaches, were in many cases very effective at degrading oil. It took longer for some sections of shoreline to recover from some of the invasive cleaning methods (hot water flushing in particular) than from the oiling itself.Economi c impacts The State of Alaska funded a several studies of the short term economic impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. pic pic Recreational fishing in Alaska. (Source Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council) 1. Recreational Sport Fishing Losses. This loss was estimated based on the impacts of the spill on sport fishing activity. One must consider the impact on the number of anglers, the number of sport fishing trips, the areas fished, the species fished for, and the length of these trips.For 1989 the loss was estimated to be between $0 and $580 billion dollars for 1990 the range was $3. 6 one thousand trillion $50. 5 million dollars. 2. Tourism Losses. The spill caused both negative and positive effects. The major(ip) negative effects were 1. Decreased resident physician and non-resident vacation/pleasure visitor traffic in the spill-affected areas due to lack of available visitor services (accommodations, charter boats, air taxis). 2. Severe labor shortage in the visitor indust ry throughout the state due to traditional service industry workers seeking high-paying spill clean-up jobs. 3.Fifty-nine percent of businesses in the most affected areas reported spill-related cancellations and 16% reported business was less than expected due to the spill. The principle positive impact was strong spill-related business in some areas and in certain businesses such as hotels, taxis, car/RV rentals and boat charters. 1. Existence value. Economists tried to estimate the damage to so-called non-use or existence value of the Prince William Sound region in the wake of the spill. This is an attempt top measure what cannot be observed in the marketplace the value to the public of a pristine Prince William Sound.They estimated existence value using contingent valuation, a survey approach designed to create the missing market for public goods by determining what people would be willing to pay (WTP) for specified changes in the quantity or quality of such goods or, more rarel y, what they would be willing to accept (WTA) in compensation for well-specified degradations in the provision of these goods. The results suggest an aggrragete loss of $4. 9 to $7. 2 billion dollars. In effect, these amounts reflect the publics willingness to pay to prevent another Exxon Valdez type oil spill given the scenario posed. . Replacement costs of birds and mammalians. These costs include the relocation, replacement and rehabilitation for some of the shorebirds, seabirds and the marine and terrestrial mammals that may have suffered injury or were destroyed in the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The values range from $20,000 to $300,000 dollars per marine mammal (sea otters, whales, seal lions, seals), $125 to $500 dollars per terrestrial animal (bears, river otters, mink, deer), and $170 to $6,000 dollars for seabirds and eagles. How much oil remains? ground on the areas that were studied in the aftermath of the spill, scientists made estimates of the ultimate fate of the oil. A 2001 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) study surveyed 96 sites along 8,000 miles of coastline. pic pic A pit dug on a Prince William Sound beach in 2001 revealing oil in the sediments. (Source NOAA) The survey distinguished between surface and buried oil. Buried or subsurface oil is of greater concern than surface oil. Subsurface oil can remain dormant for many years before being dispersed and is more liquid, still toxic, and may become biologically available.A disturbance event such as burrowing animals or a severe storm reworks the beach and can reintroduce unweathered oil into the water. Results of the summer shoreline survey showed that the oil remaining on the surface of beaches in Prince William Sound is weathered and mostly hardened into an asphalt-like layer. The toxic components of this type of surface oil are not as readily available to biota, although some softer forms do cause sheens in tide pools. The survey indicates a total area of approximately 20 acres of shoreline in Prince William Sound are still contaminated with oil.Oil was rig at 58 percent of the 91 sites assessed and is estimated to have the elongate equivalent of 5. 8 km of contaminated shoreline. In addition to the estimated area of remaining oiled beach, several other important points were evident 1. Surface oil was determined to be not a good indicator of subsurface oil. 2. Twenty subsurface pits were classified as heavily oiled. Oil saturated all of the interstitial spaces and was extremely repugnant. These worst case pits exhibited an oil mixture that resembled oil encountered in 1989 a few weeks after the spillhighly odiferous, lightly weathered, and very fluid. 3.Subsurface oil was also found at a lower tide height than expected (between 0 and 6 feet), in contrast to the surface oil, which was found mostly at the highest levels of the beach. This is significant, because the pits with the most oil were found low in the intertidal zone, closest to the zone of biological production, and indicate that the survey estimates are conservative at best. Ecosystem response to the spill Recovery is a very difficult term to define and measure for a complex ecosystem such as Prince William Sound. If you ask a fisherman from Kodiak Island, a villager from the town of Valdez, an Exxon engineer, or a NOAA iologist, you are likely to receive such different answers that you may wonder if they heard the same question. In particular, disagreements exist between Exxon and government-funded scientists, and un cognises persist, especially in understanding how multiple processes combine to drive observed dynamics. Despite this, there are some things k outrightn with a high degree of certainty oil persisted beyond a decade in affect amounts and in toxic forms, was sufficiently bioavailable to induce chronic biological exposures, and had semipermanent impacts at the race level.Three major pathways of long impacts emerge (1) chronic persistence of oil, biol ogical exposures, and population impacts to species closely associated with shallow sediments (2) delayed population impacts of sublethal doses compromising health, growth, and reproduction and (3) confirmative effects of trophic and interaction cascades, all of which transmit impacts well beyond the acute-phase fatality rate. Acute Mortality pic pic Sea birds killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. (Source NOAA) Marine mammals and seabirds are at great insecurity from floating oil because they have routine contact with the sea surface.Oiling of fur or feathers causes loss of insulating capacity and can lead to death from hypothermia, smothering, drowning, and ingestion of toxic hydrocabons. Scientists estimate mass mortalities of 1000 to 2800 sea otters, 302 entertain seals, and unprecedented numbers of seabird deaths estimated at 250,000 in the days immediately after the oil spill. deal mortality also occurred among macroalgae and benthic inverteb evaluate on oiled shores from a combination of chemical toxicity, smothering, and physical geological fault from the habitat by pressurized wash-water applied after the spill.Long-term impacts The persistent nature of oil in sediments produce chronic, long-term exposure risks from some species. For example, chronic exposures for years after the spill to oil persisting in sedimentary refuges were evident from biomarkers in fish, sea otters, and seaducks intimately associated with sediments for egg laying or foraging. These chronic exposures enhanced mortality for years. Indirect effects can be as important as direct exposure.Cascading substantiative effects are delayed in operation because they are mediated through changes in an intermediary. Perhaps the two generally most influential types of indirect interactions are (1) trophic cascades in which predators reduce copiousness of their prey, which in turn releases the preys food species from control and (2) provision of biogenic habitat by organisms that serv e as or create important physical structure in the environment. pic pic A wholesome stand of rockweed (Fucus gardneri) growing on a boulder in Prince William Sound. Source NOAA) Scientists have found that indirect interactions lengthened the recovery process on rocky shorelines for a decade or more. Dramatic initial loss of cover by the most important biogenic habitat provider, the rockweed Fucus gardneri, triggered a cascade of indirect impacts. Freeing of space on the rocks and the losses of important grazing (limpets and periwinkles) and predatory (whelks) gastropods combined to promote initial blooms of ephemeral green algae in 1989 and 1990 and an opportunistic barnacle, Chthamalus dalli, in 1991.Absence of structural algal canopy led to counterbalances in associated invertebrates and inhibited recovery of Fucus itself, whose recruits avoid desiccation under the protective cover of the adult plants. Those Fucus plants that subsequently settled on tests of Chthamalus dalli be came dislodged during storms because of the structural instability of the attachment of this opportunistic barnacle. After apparent recovery of Fucus, previously oiled shores exhibited another mass rockweed mortality in 1994, a cyclic instability probably caused by simultaneous senility of a single-aged stand.The importance of indirect interactions in rocky shore communities is well established, and the general sequence of succession on rocky intertidal shores extending over a decade after the Exxon Valdez oil spill closely resembles the dynamics after the Torrey Canyon oil spill in the UK. State of recovery The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council published a study in 2004 to assess the state of the resources hurt by the spill. Fifteen years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, it is clear that some fish and wildlife species injured by the spill have not full recovered.It is less clear, however, what role oil plays in the inability of some populations to bounce back. An ecosystem is dynamic ever changing and continues its natural cycles and fluctuations at the same time that it struggles with the impacts of spilled oil. As time passes, separating natural change from oil-spill impacts becomes more and more difficult. The Trustee Council recognizes 30 resources or species as injured by the spill. Depending on their status as of 2002, these have been placed in one of five categories Not RecoveringThese resources are showing little or no clear rectifyment since spill injuries occurred Common loon Cormorants (3 species), cheer seal, Harlequin duck, Pacific herring, Pigeon guillemot Recovery unknown Limited data on life history or extent of injury is available. Current research is either inconclusive or not complete tearing trout, Dolly Varden, Kittlitzs murrelet, Rockfish Subtidal communities pic pic Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). (Source NOAA) Recovered Recovery objectives have been met Archaeological resources, denudate eagle, Black oystercatcher, C ommon murre, Pink salmon, River otter, Sockeye salmon RecoveringClams, Wilderness Areas, Intertidal communities, Killer whale (AB pod), marble murrelet, Mussels, Sea otter, Sediments Human uses Human services that depend on natural resources were also injured by the spill. These services are each categorized as recovering until the resources they depend on are fully recovered Commercial fishing, Passive use, Recreation and tourism, Subsistence Prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, there was no baseline date available for the abundant number of species existing in Prince William Sound.Because of this lack of data, numbers of oil spill-related casualties and recovery rates have been difficult to determine. Legal responsibility of ExxonMobil The settlement among the State of Alaska, the U. S. government and Exxon was approved by the U. S. territorial dominion Court on Oct. 9, 1991. It resolved various criminal charges against Exxon as well as well-bred claims brought by the federal a nd state governments for recovery of natural resource damages resulting from the oil spill.The settlement was comprised of criminal and civil settlements with Exxon, as well as a civil settlement with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. Criminal Settlement Plea Agreement Exxon was fined $150 million, the largest fine ever imposed for an environmental crime. The court forgave $125 million of that fine in recognition of Exxons cooperation in cleaning up the spill and paying certain private claims. Of the remaining $25 million, $12 million went to the North American Wetlands Conservation Fund and $13 million went to the national Victims of Crime Fund.Criminal Restitution As restitution for the injuries caused to the fish, wildlife, and lands of the spill region, Exxon agreed to pay $100 million. This money was divided evenly between the federal and state governments. Civil Settlement Exxon agreed to pay $900 million in ten annual installments. The final payment was received in Sept. 2001 . The settlement contains a reopener window between Sept. 1, 2002 and Sept. 1, 2006, during which the state and federal governments may make a claim for up to an additional $100 million.The funds must be used to restore resources that suffered a substantial loss or decline as a result of the oil spill, the injuries to which could not have been known or anticipated by the six trustees from any information in their possession or reasonably available to any of them at the time of the settlement (Sept. 25, 1991). The response of ExxonMobil pic pic Exxon logo. ExxonMobil acknowledged that the Exxon Valdez oil spill was a tragic accident that the bon ton deeply regrets. Exxon notes that company took immediate responsibility for the spill, cleaned it up, and voluntarily compensated those who claimed direct damages.ExxonMobil paid $300 million immediately and voluntarily to more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses affected by the Valdez spill. In addition, the company paid $2. 2 billion o n the cleanup of Prince William Sound, staying with the cleanup from 1989 to 1992, when the State of Alaska and the U. S. Coast Guard declared the cleanup complete. And, as tell above, ExxonMobil also has paid $1 billion in settlements with the state and federal governments. That money is being used for environmental studies and conservation programs for Prince William Sound.ExxonMobil hired its own scientists to study the impacts of the spill, and they come to different conclusions than many of the results published by government agencies and peer-reviewed academic journals. Exxons scientists acknowledge the lingering pockets of oil in the sediments, but they argue that they do not pose a serious risk. It is their position that that there are now no species in Prince William Sound in trouble due to the impact of the 1989 oil spill, and that the data strongly support the position of a fully recovered Prince William Sound ecosystem.Lessons learned from the spill The scientists who m onitored the oiled parts of Prince William Sound wanted to study the shorelines ecological recovery after an environmental disaster like the Exxon Valdez spill, and then use those lessons to better respond to future oil spills. Right now, their task is still incomplete. However, some of their findings have changed the way they debate about cleaning up oil spills, and about how ecosystems respond to such disturbances. Following are some examples of what they have learned 1.Clean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, with impacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical and physical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness of strong biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp timberland communities, cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially of trophic cascades and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope of injury well beyond the initial direct losses and thereby also delay recoveries. 2.Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches ca n remain relatively fresh for years and can later come back to the surface and affect nigh animals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending on environment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining defilement by only partially weathered oil for years. 3. Rocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection and cleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather very slowly in these habitats, prolonging the calumnious effects of the oil when it leaches out. . Oil effects to sea birds and mammals also are substantial (independent of means of insulation) over the long-term through interactions between natural environmental stressors and compromised health of exposed animals, through chronic toxic exposure from ingesting contaminated prey or during foraging around persistent sedimentary pools of oil, and through faulting of vital social functions (caregiving or reproduction) in socially organized species. 5.Long-term exposure of fish embryos to weathered oil at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations has population consequences through indirect effects on growth, deformities, and behavior with long-term consequences on mortality and reproduction. The Exxon Valdez also triggered major improvements in oil spill prevention and response planning. 1. The U. S. Coast Guard now monitors fully-laden tankers via satellite as they pass through Valdez Narrows, cruise by Bligh Island, and exit Prince William Sound at Hinchinbrook Entrance. In 1989, the Coast Guard watched the tankers only through Valdez Narrows and Valdez Arm. . Two escort vessels accompany each tanker while passing through the entire Sound. They not only watch over the tankers, but are capable of assisting them in the event of an emergency, such as a loss of power or loss of rudder control. Fifteen years ago, there was only one escort vessel through Valdez Narrows. 3. curiously trained marine pilots, with considerable experience in Prince William Sound, board tankers from their new pilot station at Bligh Reef and are aboard the ship for 25 miles out of the 70-mile transit through the Sound.Weather criteria for safe navigation are firmly established. 4. Congress enacted legislation requiring that all tankers in Prince William Sound be double-hulled by the year 2015. It is estimated that if the Exxon Valdez had had a double-hull structure, the amount of the spill would have been reduced by more than half. There are soon three double-hulled and twelve double-bottomed tankers moving oil through Prince William Sound. Two more Endeavor class tankers are under construction by ConocoPhillips, their expected induction into service is 2004 and 2005. . Contingency planning for oil spills in Prince William Sound must now include a scenario for a spill of 12. 6 million gallons. Drills are held in the Sound each year. 6. The combined ability of skimming systems to remove oil from the water is now 10 times gre ater than it was in 1989, with equipment in place capable of recovering over 300,000 pose of oil in 72 hours. 7. Even if oil could have been skimmed up in 1989, there was no place to put the oil-water mix. Today, seven barges are available with a capacity to hold 818,000 barrels of recovered oil. . There are now 40 miles of containment boom in Prince William Sound, seven times the amount available at the time of the Exxon Valdez spill. 9. Dispersants are now stockpiled for use and systems are in place to apply them from helicopters, airplanes, and boats. Further Reading Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill How Much Oil Remains? Alaska Oil Spill Commission. 1990. Spill, the wreck of the Exxon Valdez implications for safe transportation of oil (Final report). Juneau, AK. National Transportation Safety Board. 1990.Marine Accident Report initiation of the U. S. Tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound, near Valdez, Alaska, March 24, 198 9. Washington, D. C. NTSB. NTSB/MAR-90/04. 255 p. Peterson, Charles H. , Stanley D. Rice, Jeffrey W. Short, Daniel Esler, James L. Bodkin, Brenda E. Ballachey, David B. Irons. 2003. Long-Term Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Science 302 2082-2086. Disclaimer This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content. reference book Cleveland, Cutler (Contributing Author) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Content source) Peter Saundry (Topic Editor). 2008. Exxon Valdez oil spill. In Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D. C. Environmental nurture compact, National Council for Science and the Environment). First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth August 17, 2006 Last revised August 26, 2008 Retrieved March 28, 2010. Editing this Article We invite all scientists, environmental professionals and science attentive individuals to help improve this article and the EoE by clicking here EDIT CITE EMAIL PRINT NCSE Boston University M1 Digital UniverseUnless otherwise noted, all text is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share equal license. Privacy insurance Terms of Use Neutrality Policy Supported by the Environmental Information Coalition and the National Council for Science and the Environment. Unless otherwise noted, all text is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license. Please see the Encyclopedia of Earths website for Terms of Use information. Supported by the Environmental Information Coal ition and the National Council for Science and the Environment. picpic